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Viruses2024; 16(6); 839; doi: 10.3390/v16060839

First Molecular Detection and Epidemiological Analysis of Equine Influenza Virus in Two Regions of Colombia, 2020-2023.

Abstract: Equine influenza is a viral disease caused by the equine influenza virus (EIV), and according to the WOAH, it is mandatory to report these infections. In Latin America and Colombia, EIV risk factors have not been analyzed. The objective of this research is to perform an epidemiological and molecular analysis of the EIV in horses with respiratory symptoms from 2020 to 2023 in Colombia. Molecular EIV detection was performed using RT-qPCR and nanopore sequencing. A risk analysis was also performed via the GEE method. A total of 188 equines with EIV respiratory symptoms were recruited. The positivity rate was 33.5%. The descriptive analysis showed that only 12.8% of the horses were vaccinated, and measures such as the quarantine and isolation of symptomatic animals accounted for 91.5% and 88.8%, respectively. The variables associated with the EIV were the non-isolation of positive individuals (OR = 8.16, 95% CI (1.52-43.67), = 0.014) and sharing space with poultry (OR = 2.16, 95% CI (1.09-4.26), = 0.027). In conclusion, this is the first EIV investigation in symptomatic horses in Colombia, highlighting the presence of the virus in the country and the need to improve preventive and control measures.
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Publication Date: 2024-05-24 PubMed ID: 38932133PubMed Central: PMC11209042DOI: 10.3390/v16060839Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Equine influenza virus (EIV) was molecularly detected and analyzed for the first time in symptomatic horses from two Colombian regions between 2020 and 2023, revealing significant infection rates and identifying key risk factors associated with the virus’s spread.

Introduction and Research Purpose

  • Equine influenza is a contagious viral infection affecting horses, caused by the equine influenza virus (EIV).
  • Monitoring and reporting EIV cases are mandatory as per the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) guidelines.
  • Prior to this study, Latin America and Colombia lacked detailed analyses of the risk factors contributing to EIV infections.
  • The study aimed to perform molecular detection of EIV, conduct an epidemiological analysis, and identify risk factors in horses showing respiratory symptoms from 2020 to 2023 in Colombia.

Methodology

  • The study recruited 188 horses displaying respiratory symptoms consistent with equine influenza infection.
  • Molecular detection of EIV was performed using two primary techniques:
    • Reverse Transcription quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) for initial virus detection.
    • Nanopore sequencing technology to further characterize the viral genetic material.
  • A statistical risk factor analysis was conducted using the Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) method to assess associations between various variables and EIV positivity.

Key Findings

  • The overall positivity rate for EIV among symptomatic horses was 33.5%, indicating substantial viral presence.
  • Vaccination status revealed that only 12.8% of horses had received EIV vaccines, highlighting low immunization coverage.
  • Preventive measures such as quarantine and isolation were practiced by a significant portion of horse owners, with 91.5% quarantining new arrivals and 88.8% isolating symptomatic animals.
  • Two major risk factors were statistically associated with higher rates of EIV infection:
    • Non-isolation of infected horses (Odds Ratio [OR] = 8.16, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 1.52-43.67, p=0.014), emphasizing the importance of isolating affected animals to prevent disease spread.
    • Co-location or shared spaces with poultry (OR = 2.16, 95% CI 1.09-4.26, p=0.027), suggesting a possible role of interspecies interactions or environmental factors in EIV transmission.

Conclusions and Implications

  • This study is the first molecular detection and epidemiological assessment of EIV in symptomatic horses within Colombia, establishing that the virus is circulating in the country.
  • Findings indicate gaps in preventive measures, such as low vaccination rates and inadequate isolation protocols, that may enable virus transmission.
  • The identification of risk factors points to critical control points where interventions could be targeted, specifically improving isolation practices and evaluating the role of poultry presence in horse environments.
  • The study underscores the necessity for enhanced surveillance, vaccination campaigns, and biosecurity protocols to control and reduce EIV spread in Colombia.

Cite This Article

APA
Gonzalez-Obando J, Zuluaga-Cabrera A, Moreno I, Úsuga J, Ciuderis K, Forero JE, Diaz A, Rojas-Arbeláez C, Hernández-Ortiz JP, Ruiz-Saenz J. (2024). First Molecular Detection and Epidemiological Analysis of Equine Influenza Virus in Two Regions of Colombia, 2020-2023. Viruses, 16(6), 839. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16060839

Publication

Viruses
ISSN: 1999-4915
NlmUniqueID: 101509722
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 16
Issue: 6
PII: 839

Researcher Affiliations

Gonzalez-Obando, Juliana
  • Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales-GRICA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia.
  • Grupo de Epidemiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia.
Zuluaga-Cabrera, Angélica
  • Grupo de Investigación GISCA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Fundación Universitaria Vision de las Américas, Medellín 050031, Colombia.
Moreno, Isabel
  • GHI One Health Colombia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín 050036, Colombia.
Úsuga, Jaime
  • GHI One Health Colombia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín 050036, Colombia.
Ciuderis, Karl
  • GHI One Health Colombia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín 050036, Colombia.
Forero, Jorge E
  • Grupo de Investigación en Microbiología Ambiental, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia.
Diaz, Andrés
  • Pig Improvement Company Hendersonville, Hendersonville, TN 37075, USA.
Rojas-Arbeláez, Carlos
  • Grupo de Epidemiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia.
Hernández-Ortiz, Juan P
  • GHI One Health Colombia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín 050036, Colombia.
Ruiz-Saenz, Julian
  • Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales-GRICA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia.

MeSH Terms

  • Horses
  • Animals
  • Colombia / epidemiology
  • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / epidemiology
  • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / veterinary
  • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / virology
  • Horse Diseases / virology
  • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
  • Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype / isolation & purification
  • Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype / genetics
  • Female
  • Male
  • Phylogeny
  • Nanopore Sequencing / methods
  • Risk Factors

Grant Funding

  • INV2623 to JRS / CONADI-UCC

Conflict of Interest Statement

Author Andres Diaz was employed by the Pig Improvement Company. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.

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Citations

This article has been cited 1 times.
  1. Gonzalez-Obando J, Jaimes-Dueñez J, Zuluaga-Cabrera A, Forero JE, Diaz A, Rojas-Arbeláez C, Ruiz-Saenz J. Seroprevalence of Equine Influenza Virus Antibodies in Horses from Four Localities in Colombia. Viruses 2025 Jul 16;17(7).
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