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PloS one2021; 16(4); e0249922; doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249922

Flexibility of equine bioenergetics and muscle plasticity in response to different types of training: An integrative approach, questioning existing paradigms.

Abstract: Equine bioenergetics have predominantly been studied focusing on glycogen and fatty acids. Combining omics with conventional techniques allows for an integrative approach to broadly explore and identify important biomolecules. Friesian horses were aquatrained (n = 5) or dry treadmill trained (n = 7) (8 weeks) and monitored for: evolution of muscle diameter in response to aquatraining and dry treadmill training, fiber type composition and fiber cross-sectional area of the M. pectoralis, M. vastus lateralis and M. semitendinosus and untargeted metabolomics of the M. pectoralis and M. vastus lateralis in response to dry treadmill training. Aquatraining was superior to dry treadmill training to increase muscle diameter in the hindquarters, with maximum effect after 4 weeks. After dry treadmill training, the M. pectoralis showed increased muscle diameter, more type I fibers, decreased fiber mean cross sectional area, and an upregulated oxidative metabolic profile: increased β-oxidation (key metabolites: decreased long chain fatty acids and increased long chain acylcarnitines), TCA activity (intermediates including succinyl-carnitine and 2-methylcitrate), amino acid metabolism (glutamine, aromatic amino acids, serine, urea cycle metabolites such as proline, arginine and ornithine) and xenobiotic metabolism (especially p-cresol glucuronide). The M. vastus lateralis expanded its fast twitch profile, with decreased muscle diameter, type I fibers and an upregulation of glycolytic and pentose phosphate pathway activity, and increased branched-chain and aromatic amino acid metabolism (cis-urocanate, carnosine, homocarnosine, tyrosine, tryptophan, p-cresol-glucuronide, serine, methionine, cysteine, proline and ornithine). Trained Friesians showed increased collagen and elastin turn-over. Results show that branched-chain amino acids, aromatic amino acids and microbiome-derived xenobiotics need further study in horses. They feed the TCA cycle at steps further downstream from acetyl CoA and most likely, they are oxidized in type IIA fibers, the predominant fiber type of the horse. These study results underline the importance of reviewing existing paradigms on equine bioenergetics.
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Publication Date: 2021-04-13 PubMed ID: 33848308PubMed Central: PMC8043414DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249922Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research reveals how different types of training can influence the bioenergetics and muscle plasticity in Friesian horses. The study compares the effects of aquatraining and dry treadmill training, using combined omics and more traditional methods. It explores changes in muscle diameter, fiber type and area, and several metabolic pathways. Ultimately, the findings suggest complex amino acids and certain byproducts from microbiome might play a larger role in horse bioenergetics than previously thought, calling for a re-evaluation of current paradigms.

Training Methods and Their Effects

  • The study examined two forms of training on Friesian horses: aquatraining (training in water) and dry treadmill training over a period of 8 weeks.
  • It’s discovered that aquatraining is more effective in increasing muscle diameter in the hindquarters of the horses, with the most significant increase happening after 4 weeks.

Effects on Muscle Fiber and Oxidative Metabolism

  • Dry treadmill training results in increased muscle diameter in M. pectoralis muscle (found on the chest) of the horses along with a rise in the amount of type I fibers – the slow-twitch, fatigue-resistant muscle fibers.
  • The dry treadmill exercise also resulted in decreased mean cross-sectional area of the muscle fiber.
  • Simultaneously, it was noticed that an oxidative metabolic profile was upregulated: the β-oxidation process (which involves breakdown of fats), TCA activity (a vital metabolic pathway), amino acid metabolism, and xenobiotic metabolism (process by which foreign substances are metabolized).

Effects on Fast-twitch Muscles and Amino Acid Metabolism

  • The dry treadmill training also impacted the M. vastus lateralis muscle (found in the thigh), which expanded its fast-twitch muscle fiber profile, characterized by decreased muscle diameter and type I fibers, alongside an upregulated glycolytic and pentose phosphate pathway activity.
  • Notably, an increase in metabolism of branched-chain and aromatic amino acids was observed, indicating these could play a critical role in equine bioenergetics.

Structural Changes and Future Studies

  • Post-training, the Friesian horses exhibited increased turnover of collagen and elastin, proteins vital for muscle structure and elasticity.
  • These results imply the need for further study on branched-chain amino acids, aromatic amino acids, and microbiome-derived xenobiotics in horses, especially considering they may be oxidized in type IIA fibers – the predominant fiber type in horses.

Implications of the Study

  • This research underscores the importance of re-evaluating existing paradigms on equine bioenergetics, considering the potentially larger role of complex amino acids and microbiome-derived compounds in the process, especially in connection with particular types of physical training.

Cite This Article

APA
de Meeûs d'Argenteuil C, Boshuizen B, Oosterlinck M, van de Winkel D, De Spiegelaere W, de Bruijn CM, Goethals K, Vanderperren K, Delesalle CJG. (2021). Flexibility of equine bioenergetics and muscle plasticity in response to different types of training: An integrative approach, questioning existing paradigms. PLoS One, 16(4), e0249922. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249922

Publication

PloS one
ISSN: 1932-6203
NlmUniqueID: 101285081
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Pages: e0249922

Researcher Affiliations

de Meeûs d'Argenteuil, Constance
  • Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
Boshuizen, Berit
  • Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
  • Wolvega Equine Hospital, Oldeholtpade, The Netherlands.
Oosterlinck, Maarten
  • Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
van de Winkel, Don
  • Wolvega Equine Hospital, Oldeholtpade, The Netherlands.
De Spiegelaere, Ward
  • Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
de Bruijn, Cornelis Marinus
  • Wolvega Equine Hospital, Oldeholtpade, The Netherlands.
Goethals, Klara
  • Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Research Group Biometrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
Vanderperren, Katrien
  • Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
Delesalle, Cathérine John Ghislaine
  • Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.

MeSH Terms

  • Amino Acids, Aromatic / metabolism
  • Amino Acids, Branched-Chain / metabolism
  • Animals
  • Citric Acid Cycle
  • Energy Metabolism
  • Female
  • Glycolysis
  • Heart Rate
  • Horses
  • Lipid Peroxidation
  • Male
  • Metabolomics
  • Mitochondria / metabolism
  • Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / physiology
  • Muscle, Skeletal / metabolism
  • Muscle, Skeletal / pathology
  • Muscle, Skeletal / physiology
  • Pentose Phosphate Pathway
  • Physical Conditioning, Animal

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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Citations

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