FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Journal of veterinary internal medicine2018; 33(2); 968-975; doi: 10.1111/jvim.15397

Fungi in respiratory samples of horses with inflammatory airway disease.

Abstract: Fungi contribute to the inflammatory response of lungs in horses with recurrent airway obstruction and in some forms of asthma in humans. The role of fungi in inflammatory airway disease (IAD) has not been assessed. Objective: Evaluate the prevalence of fungi in the respiratory samples of horses diagnosed with IAD, describe clinical signs associated with the presence of fungi in respiratory samples, and assess the risk factors associated with IAD and with the presence of fungi in the airways. Methods: Seven-hundred thirty-one active horses referred to a specialized ambulatory practice for signs of respiratory disease or poor performance. Methods: A prospective observational study was performed, collecting clinical data, environmental conditions, and results of a tracheal wash (TW; cytology, fungal culture, and bacterial culture), and bronchoalveolar lavage (cytology). Results: A positive fungal culture was obtained in 55% (402/731) of horses. Horses with fungal elements observed on the TW cytology had 2 times greater chance of having IAD than horses without fungi (odds ratio [OR] = 2.1; 95% CI 1.08-3.33; P = .0003). Risks of being diagnosed with IAD and likelihood of fungi in TW were higher when horses were bedded on straw (OR = 2.0; 95% CI 1.2-3.2 and OR = 1.9; 95% CI 1.3-2.6, respectively) or fed dry hay (OR = 2.7; 95% CI 1.7-4.4 and OR = 2.6; 95% CI 1.6-3.4, respectively). Conclusions: Horses inhaling aerosolized fungal particles are at a significantly higher risk of developing IAD. The type of bedding and forage represent significant risk factors for IAD and fungal contamination of equine airways.
© 2018 The Authors. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2018-12-21 PubMed ID: 30576012PubMed Central: PMC6430897DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15397Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research article explores how fungi present in the respiratory systems of horses could be linked to a condition known as Inflammatory Airway Disease (IAD). The researchers found that the chances of having IAD were higher in horses that were bedded on straw or fed dry hay, further suggesting that the type of horse’s diet and bedding are significant risk factors for this disease and fungal contamination.

Study Objectives and Methods

The research team aimed to ascertain the prevalence of fungi in horses diagnosed with Inflammatory Airway Disease and to identify the associated symptoms and underlying risk factors. To achieve these objectives, a study was designed involving 731 horses showing signs of respiratory distress or poor performance. The research collected clinical data, evaluated the horses’ living conditions, assessed the results of a tracheal wash (TW; this included cytology, fungal culture, and bacterial culture), and administered a bronchoalveolar lavage (a procedure to examine the bronchi and bronchioles).

  • The TW cytology was performed to identify the presence of fungi, bacteria, or other microorganisms present in the horse’s respiratory system.
  • The bronchoalveolar lavage helped to evaluate lung health and identify whether the horse had developed any condition like IAD.

Research Findings

The research findings were notable: a positive fungal culture was observed in 55% of the horses. Horses with fungal elements visible in the tracheal wash cytology were twice as likely to be diagnosed with IAD than those without the presence of fungi.

The factors, like bedding and feeding practices, were also analyzed. Notably, horses bedded on straw or fed with dry hay were at a greater risk of being diagnosed with IAD and displaying fungi presence in their TW. The odds ratio (a statistical measurement that compares the likelihood of an event happening in one group to its likelihood in another group) was significantly higher in these cases.

Conclusion and Implications

The study concluded that horses inhaling aerosolized fungal particles are at a substantially higher risk of developing IAD. Therefore, the type of bedding and forage represent significant risk factors for this disease and fungal contamination in horses’ respiratory systems.

  • This study’s findings may significantly contribute to understanding and preventing IAD’s occurrence in horses, improving their general health and performance.
  • Horse keepers and veterinarians should consider these risk factors and findings while deciding the ideal living conditions and feeding practices for horses to minimize the risk of IAD and fungal contamination.

Cite This Article

APA
Dauvillier J, Ter Woort F, van Erck-Westergren E. (2018). Fungi in respiratory samples of horses with inflammatory airway disease. J Vet Intern Med, 33(2), 968-975. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.15397

Publication

Journal of veterinary internal medicine
ISSN: 1939-1676
NlmUniqueID: 8708660
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 33
Issue: 2
Pages: 968-975

Researcher Affiliations

Dauvillier, Julie
  • Equine Sports Medicine Practice, Waterloo, Belgium.
Ter Woort, Fe
  • Equine Sports Medicine Practice, Waterloo, Belgium.
van Erck-Westergren, Emmanuelle
  • Equine Sports Medicine Practice, Waterloo, Belgium.

MeSH Terms

  • Animal Husbandry
  • Animals
  • Bacteria / isolation & purification
  • Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / cytology
  • Diet / veterinary
  • Europe
  • Female
  • Fungi / isolation & purification
  • Horse Diseases / microbiology
  • Horses
  • Inflammation / microbiology
  • Inflammation / veterinary
  • Male
  • Prospective Studies
  • Respiratory Tract Diseases / microbiology
  • Respiratory Tract Diseases / veterinary
  • Risk Factors
  • Trachea / microbiology

Conflict of Interest Statement

Authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

This article includes 50 references
  1. Leclere M, Lavoie-Lamoureux A, Lavoie JP. Heaves, an asthma-like disease of horses.. Respirology 2011 Oct;16(7):1027-46.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2011.02033.xpubmed: 21824219google scholar: lookup
  2. Bullone M, Lavoie JP. Asthma "of horses and men"--how can equine heaves help us better understand human asthma immunopathology and its functional consequences?. Mol Immunol 2015 Jul;66(1):97-105.
    doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.12.005pubmed: 25547716google scholar: lookup
  3. Webster AJ, Clarke AF, Madelin TM, Wathes CM. Air hygiene in stables. 1: Effects of stable design, ventilation and management on the concentration of respirable dust.. Equine Vet J 1987 Sep;19(5):448-53.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1987.tb02641.xpubmed: 3678188google scholar: lookup
  4. Madelin TM, Clarke AF, Mair TS. Prevalence of serum precipitating antibodies in horses to fungal and thermophilic actinomycete antigens: effects of environmental challenge.. Equine Vet J 1991 Jul;23(4):247-52.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1991.tb03711.xpubmed: 1915222google scholar: lookup
  5. Madelin TM, Johnson HE. Fungal and actinomycete spore aerosols measured at different humidities with an aerodynamic particle sizer.. J Appl Bacteriol 1992 May;72(5):400-9.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1992.tb01853.xpubmed: 1618718google scholar: lookup
  6. Woolnough K, Fairs A, Pashley CH, Wardlaw AJ. Allergic fungal airway disease: pathophysiologic and diagnostic considerations.. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2015 Jan;21(1):39-47.
    doi: 10.1097/MCP.0000000000000129pubmed: 25415407google scholar: lookup
  7. Rick EM, Woolnough K, Pashley CH, Wardlaw AJ. Allergic Fungal Airway Disease.. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2016;26(6):344-354.
    doi: 10.18176/jiaci.0122pubmed: 27996940google scholar: lookup
  8. Denning DW, Pashley C, Hartl D, Wardlaw A, Godet C, Del Giacco S, Delhaes L, Sergejeva S. Fungal allergy in asthma-state of the art and research needs.. Clin Transl Allergy 2014;4:14.
    doi: 10.1186/2045-7022-4-14pmc: PMC4005466pubmed: 24735832google scholar: lookup
  9. Chishimba L, Niven RM, Cooley J, Denning DW. Voriconazole and posaconazole improve asthma severity in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and severe asthma with fungal sensitization.. J Asthma 2012 May;49(4):423-33.
    doi: 10.3109/02770903.2012.662568pubmed: 22380765google scholar: lookup
  10. Reponen T, Vesper S, Levin L, Johansson E, Ryan P, Burkle J, Grinshpun SA, Zheng S, Bernstein DI, Lockey J, Villareal M, Khurana Hershey GK, LeMasters G. High environmental relative moldiness index during infancy as a predictor of asthma at 7 years of age.. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2011 Aug;107(2):120-6.
    doi: 10.1016/j.anai.2011.04.018pubmed: 21802019google scholar: lookup
  11. Reponen T, Lockey J, Bernstein DI, Vesper SJ, Levin L, Khurana Hershey GK, Zheng S, Ryan P, Grinshpun SA, Villareal M, Lemasters G. Infant origins of childhood asthma associated with specific molds.. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012 Sep;130(3):639-644.e5.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.05.030pmc: PMC3432137pubmed: 22789397google scholar: lookup
  12. Hulin M, Moularat S, Kirchner S, Robine E, Mandin C, Annesi-Maesano I. Positive associations between respiratory outcomes and fungal index in rural inhabitants of a representative sample of French dwellings.. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2013 Mar;216(2):155-62.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2012.02.011pubmed: 22465486google scholar: lookup
  13. Tutluoglu B, Atiş S, Anakkaya AN, Altug E, Tosun GA, Yaman M. Sensitization to horse hair, symptoms and lung function in grooms.. Clin Exp Allergy 2002 Aug;32(8):1170-3.
    doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2745.2002.01439.xpubmed: 12190654google scholar: lookup
  14. Elfman L, Riihimäki M, Pringle J, Wålinder R. Influence of horse stable environment on human airways.. J Occup Med Toxicol 2009 May 25;4:10.
    doi: 10.1186/1745-6673-4-10pmc: PMC2693518pubmed: 19467158google scholar: lookup
  15. Wålinder R, Riihimäki M, Bohlin S, Hogstedt C, Nordquist T, Raine A, Pringle J, Elfman L. Installation of mechanical ventilation in a horse stable: effects on air quality and human and equine airways.. Environ Health Prev Med 2011 Jul;16(4):264-72.
    doi: 10.1007/s12199-010-0195-5pmc: PMC3117214pubmed: 21431789google scholar: lookup
  16. McPherson EA, Lawson GH, Murphy JR, Nicholson JM, Breeze RG, Pirie HM. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in horses: aetiological studies: responses to intradermal and inhalation antigenic challenge.. Equine Vet J 1979 Jul;11(3):159-66.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1979.tb01330.xpubmed: 385306google scholar: lookup
  17. Derksen FJ, Robinson NE, Scott JS, Stick JA. Aerosolized Micropolyspora faeni antigen as a cause of pulmonary dysfunction in ponies with recurrent airway obstruction (heaves).. Am J Vet Res 1988 Jun;49(6):933-8.
    pubmed: 3400931
  18. McGorum BC, Dixon PM, Halliwell RE. Responses of horses affected with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to inhalation challenges with mould antigens.. Equine Vet J 1993 Jul;25(4):261-7.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1993.tb02960.xpubmed: 8354208google scholar: lookup
  19. Pirie RS, Collie DD, Dixon PM, McGorum BC. Evaluation of nebulised hay dust suspensions (HDS) for the diagnosis and investigation of heaves. 2: Effects of inhaled HDS on control and heaves horses.. Equine Vet J 2002 Jul;34(4):337-42.
    doi: 10.2746/042516402776249074pubmed: 12117104google scholar: lookup
  20. Lavoie JP, Cesarini C, Lavoie-Lamoureux A, Moran K, Lutz S, Picandet V, Jean D, Marcoux M. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology and cytokine messenger ribonucleic Acid expression of racehorses with exercise intolerance and lower airway inflammation.. J Vet Intern Med 2011 Mar-Apr;25(2):322-9.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0664.xpubmed: 21281348google scholar: lookup
  21. Beekman L, Tohver T, Léguillette R. Comparison of cytokine mRNA expression in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of horses with inflammatory airway disease and bronchoalveolar lavage mastocytosis or neutrophilia using REST software analysis.. J Vet Intern Med 2012 Jan-Feb;26(1):153-61.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00847.xpubmed: 22168153google scholar: lookup
  22. Millerick-May ML, Karmaus W, Derksen FJ, Berthold B, Holcombe SJ, Robinson NE. Local airborne particulate concentration is associated with visible tracheal mucus in Thoroughbred racehorses.. Equine Vet J 2013 Jan;45(1):85-90.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00568.xpubmed: 22494157google scholar: lookup
  23. Ivester KM, Couëtil LL, Moore GE, Zimmerman NJ, Raskin RE. Environmental exposures and airway inflammation in young thoroughbred horses.. J Vet Intern Med 2014 May-Jun;28(3):918-24.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.12333pmc: PMC4895475pubmed: 24773603google scholar: lookup
  24. Gerber V, Straub R, Marti E, Hauptman J, Herholz C, King M, Imhof A, Tahon L, Robinson NE. Endoscopic scoring of mucus quantity and quality: observer and horse variance and relationship to inflammation, mucus viscoelasticity and volume.. Equine Vet J 2004 Nov;36(7):576-82.
    doi: 10.2746/0425164044864525pubmed: 15581321google scholar: lookup
  25. Day BJ, Hatch A, Carstens DD, Crapo JD. An easy and economical method to prepare cells for cytologic analyses.. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 1995 Sep;34(1):57-62.
    doi: 10.1016/1056-8719(95)00029-Hpubmed: 7496047google scholar: lookup
  26. Couëtil LL, Cardwell JM, Gerber V, Lavoie JP, Léguillette R, Richard EA. Inflammatory Airway Disease of Horses--Revised Consensus Statement.. J Vet Intern Med 2016 Mar-Apr;30(2):503-15.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.13824pmc: PMC4913592pubmed: 26806374google scholar: lookup
  27. Couëtil LL, Hoffman AM, Hodgson J, Buechner-Maxwell V, Viel L, Wood JL, Lavoie JP. Inflammatory airway disease of horses.. J Vet Intern Med 2007 Mar-Apr;21(2):356-61.
    doi: 10.1892/0891-6640(2007)21[356:IADOH]2.0.CO;2pubmed: 17427403google scholar: lookup
  28. Denning DW, Chakrabarti A. Pulmonary and sinus fungal diseases in non-immunocompromised patients.. Lancet Infect Dis 2017 Nov;17(11):e357-e366.
    doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30309-2pubmed: 28774699google scholar: lookup
  29. Raidal SL, Love DN, Bailey GD, Rose RJ. Effect of single bouts of moderate and high intensity exercise and training on equine peripheral blood neutrophil function.. Res Vet Sci 2000 Apr;68(2):141-6.
    doi: 10.1053/rvsc.1999.0349pubmed: 10756131google scholar: lookup
  30. Burrell MH, Wood JL, Whitwell KE, Chanter N, Mackintosh ME, Mumford JA. Respiratory disease in thoroughbred horses in training: the relationships between disease and viruses, bacteria and environment.. Vet Rec 1996 Sep 28;139(13):308-13.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.139.13.308pubmed: 8893488google scholar: lookup
  31. Christley RM, Hodgson DR, Rose RJ, Hodgson JL, Wood JL, Reid SW. Coughing in thoroughbred racehorses: risk factors and tracheal endoscopic and cytological findings.. Vet Rec 2001 Jan 27;148(4):99-104.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.148.4.99pubmed: 11232940google scholar: lookup
  32. Frellstedt L, Gosset P, Kervoaze G, Hans A, Desmet C, Pirottin D, Bureau F, Lekeux P, Art T. The innate immune response of equine bronchial epithelial cells is altered by training.. Vet Res 2015 Jan 17;46(1):3.
    doi: 10.1186/s13567-014-0126-3pmc: PMC4297379pubmed: 25595212google scholar: lookup
  33. Allano M, Labrecque O, Rodriguez Batista E, Beauchamp G, Bédard C, Lavoie JP, Leclere M. Influence of short distance transportation on tracheal bacterial content and lower airway cytology in horses.. Vet J 2016 Aug;214:47-9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.02.009pubmed: 27387726google scholar: lookup
  34. Williams OW, Sharafkhaneh A, Kim V, Dickey BF, Evans CM. Airway mucus: From production to secretion.. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2006 May;34(5):527-36.
    doi: 10.1165/rcmb.2005-0436SFpmc: PMC2644218pubmed: 16415249google scholar: lookup
  35. Amitani R, Taylor G, Elezis EN, Llewellyn-Jones C, Mitchell J, Kuze F, Cole PJ, Wilson R. Purification and characterization of factors produced by Aspergillus fumigatus which affect human ciliated respiratory epithelium.. Infect Immun 1995 Sep;63(9):3266-71.
    pmc: PMC173450pubmed: 7543879doi: 10.1128/iai.63.9.3266-3271.1995google scholar: lookup
  36. Amitani R, Murayama T, Nawada R, Lee WJ, Niimi A, Suzuki K, Tanaka E, Kuze F. Aspergillus culture filtrates and sputum sols from patients with pulmonary aspergillosis cause damage to human respiratory ciliated epithelium in vitro.. Eur Respir J 1995 Oct;8(10):1681-7.
    doi: 10.1183/09031936.95.08101681pubmed: 8586122google scholar: lookup
  37. Khoufache K, Puel O, Loiseau N, Delaforge M, Rivollet D, Coste A, Cordonnier C, Escudier E, Botterel F, Bretagne S. Verruculogen associated with Aspergillus fumigatus hyphae and conidia modifies the electrophysiological properties of human nasal epithelial cells.. BMC Microbiol 2007 Jan 23;7:5.
    doi: 10.1186/1471-2180-7-11pmc: PMC1797047pubmed: 17244350google scholar: lookup
  38. Green BJ, Mitakakis TZ, Tovey ER. Allergen detection from 11 fungal species before and after germination.. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003 Feb;111(2):285-9.
    doi: 10.1067/mai.2003.57pubmed: 12589346google scholar: lookup
  39. Pashley CH, Fairs A, Morley JP, Tailor S, Agbetile J, Bafadhel M, Brightling CE, Wardlaw AJ. Routine processing procedures for isolating filamentous fungi from respiratory sputum samples may underestimate fungal prevalence.. Med Mycol 2012 May;50(4):433-8.
    doi: 10.3109/13693786.2011.615762pmc: PMC3399635pubmed: 21961802google scholar: lookup
  40. Levy H, Horak DA, Tegtmeier BR, Yokota SB, Forman SJ. The value of bronchoalveolar lavage and bronchial washings in the diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis.. Respir Med 1992 May;86(3):243-8.
    doi: 10.1016/S0954-6111(06)80062-4pubmed: 1620912google scholar: lookup
  41. Nardoni S, Mancianti F, Sgorbini M, Taccini F, Corazza M. Identification and seasonal distribution of airborne fungi in three horse stables in Italy.. Mycopathologia 2005 Aug;160(1):29-34.
    doi: 10.1007/s11046-005-2669-3pubmed: 16160766google scholar: lookup
  42. Kotimaa MH, Husman KH, Terho EO, Mustonen MH. Airborne molds and actinomycetes in the work environment of farmer's lung patients in Finland.. Scand J Work Environ Health 1984 Apr;10(2):115-9.
    doi: 10.5271/sjweh.2356pubmed: 6382592google scholar: lookup
  43. Ivester KM, Couëtil LL, Zimmerman NJ. Investigating the link between particulate exposure and airway inflammation in the horse.. J Vet Intern Med 2014 Nov-Dec;28(6):1653-65.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.12458pmc: PMC4895611pubmed: 25273818google scholar: lookup
  44. Stewart AJ, Cuming RS. Update on fungal respiratory disease in horses.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2015 Apr;31(1):43-62.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2014.11.005pubmed: 25620382google scholar: lookup
  45. Gbaguidi-Haore H, Roussel S, Reboux G, Dalphin JC, Piarroux R. Multilevel analysis of the impact of environmental factors and agricultural practices on the concentration in hay of microorganisms responsible for farmer's lung disease.. Ann Agric Environ Med 2009;16(2):219-25.
    pubmed: 20047254
  46. Séguin V, Garon D, Lemauviel-Lavenant S, Lanier C, Bouchart V, Gallard Y, Blanchet B, Diquélou S, Personeni E, Ourry A. How to improve the hygienic quality of forages for horse feeding.. J Sci Food Agric 2012 Mar 15;92(4):975-86.
    doi: 10.1002/jsfa.4680pubmed: 22002664google scholar: lookup
  47. Moore-Colyer MJ, Lumbis K, Longland A, Harris P. The effect of five different wetting treatments on the nutrient content and microbial concentration in hay for horses.. PLoS One 2014;9(11):e114079.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114079pmc: PMC4245254pubmed: 25426729google scholar: lookup
  48. Allen KJ, Tremaine WH, Franklin SH. Prevalence of inflammatory airway disease in national hunt horses referred for investigation of poor athletic performance.. Equine Vet J Suppl 2006 Aug;(36):529-34.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2006.tb05599.xpubmed: 17402478google scholar: lookup
  49. Wasko AJ, Barkema HW, Nicol J, Fernandez N, Logie N, Léguillette R. Evaluation of a risk-screening questionnaire to detect equine lung inflammation: results of a large field study.. Equine Vet J 2011 Mar;43(2):145-52.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00150.xpubmed: 21592207google scholar: lookup
  50. Holcombe SJ, Jackson C, Gerber V, Jefcoat A, Berney C, Eberhardt S, Robinson NE. Stabling is associated with airway inflammation in young Arabian horses.. Equine Vet J 2001 May;33(3):244-9.
    doi: 10.2746/042516401776249606pubmed: 11352345google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 23 times.
  1. Cullinane A, Garvey M, Walsh C, Gibbons J, Creighton A. A Scoping Review of Non-Structural Airway Disease as a Cause of Poor Performance in Racehorses. Animals (Basel) 2023 Jan 27;13(3).
    doi: 10.3390/ani13030429pubmed: 36766318google scholar: lookup
  2. Bond S, McMullen C, Timsit E, Léguillette R. Topography of the respiratory, oral, and guttural pouch bacterial and fungal microbiotas in horses. J Vet Intern Med 2023 Jan;37(1):349-360.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.16612pubmed: 36607177google scholar: lookup
  3. Di Pietro R, Dubuc V, Manguin E, Giroux-Lafond R, Bédard C, Boivin R, Lavoie JP, Vesper SJ, Leclere M. Characterization of fungal exposure and dectin-1 expression in healthy horses and horses with severe asthma. Am J Vet Res 2022 May 8;83(6).
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.21.09.0143pubmed: 35524958google scholar: lookup
  4. Martins LML. Allergy to Fungi in Veterinary Medicine: Alternaria, Dermatophytes and Malassezia Pay the Bill!. J Fungi (Basel) 2022 Feb 27;8(3).
    doi: 10.3390/jof8030235pubmed: 35330237google scholar: lookup
  5. Rodríguez N, Whitfield-Cargile CM, Chamoun-Emanuelli AM, Hildreth E, Jordan W, Coleman MC. Nasopharyngeal bacterial and fungal microbiota in normal horses and horses with nasopharyngeal cicatrix syndrome. J Vet Intern Med 2021 Nov;35(6):2897-2911.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.16307pubmed: 34783081google scholar: lookup
  6. Mainguy-Seers S, Lavoie JP. Glucocorticoid treatment in horses with asthma: A narrative review. J Vet Intern Med 2021 Jul;35(4):2045-2057.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.16189pubmed: 34085342google scholar: lookup
  7. Daniels S, Hepworth J, Moore-Colyer M. The haybiome: Characterising the viable bacterial community profile of four different hays for horses following different pre-feeding regimens. PLoS One 2020;15(11):e0242373.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242373pubmed: 33201929google scholar: lookup
  8. Davis KU, Sheats MK. The Role of Neutrophils in the Pathophysiology of Asthma in Humans and Horses. Inflammation 2021 Apr;44(2):450-465.
    doi: 10.1007/s10753-020-01362-2pubmed: 33150539google scholar: lookup
  9. Couetil L, Cardwell JM, Leguillette R, Mazan M, Richard E, Bienzle D, Bullone M, Gerber V, Ivester K, Lavoie JP, Martin J, Moran G, Niedźwiedź A, Pusterla N, Swiderski C. Equine Asthma: Current Understanding and Future Directions. Front Vet Sci 2020;7:450.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00450pubmed: 32903600google scholar: lookup
  10. Bond SL, Workentine M, Hundt J, Gilkerson JR, Léguillette R. Effects of nebulized dexamethasone on the respiratory microbiota and mycobiota and relative equine herpesvirus-1, 2, 4, 5 in an equine model of asthma. J Vet Intern Med 2020 Jan;34(1):307-321.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.15671pubmed: 31793692google scholar: lookup
  11. Bouverat VMA, Pradervand N, Wichert BA, Greim E, Dolf GJ, Gerber V. Sensory Assessment of Hay Samples: Abnormal Odor Predicts Increased Dust Levels and Impurities Suggest Microbiological Contamination. Animals (Basel) 2025 Sep 14;15(18).
    doi: 10.3390/ani15182688pubmed: 41007933google scholar: lookup
  12. Savitske BJ, Dulli RJ, Paul NC, Washburn KE. Transtracheal Wash Fluid Collection and Analysis in Healthy Goats. J Vet Intern Med 2025 Sep-Oct;39(5):e70211.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.70211pubmed: 40958735google scholar: lookup
  13. Masebo NT, Benedetti B, Mountricha M, Lee L, Padalino B. A Literature Review on Equine Bedding: Impacts on Horse and Human Welfare, Health, and the Environment. Animals (Basel) 2025 Mar 5;15(5).
    doi: 10.3390/ani15050751pubmed: 40076033google scholar: lookup
  14. Dély S, Gerber V, Peters LM, Sage SE. Association between equine asthma and fungal elements in the tracheal wash: An environment-matched case-control study. PLoS One 2024;19(9):e0309835.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0309835pubmed: 39240830google scholar: lookup
  15. Symoens A, Westerfeld R, Vives BM, André V, Moulon L, Collomb M, Richard H, Juette T, Bédard C, Leclère M. Steamed hay and alfalfa pellets for the management of severe equine asthma. Equine Vet J 2025 May;57(3):756-765.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.14209pubmed: 39164027google scholar: lookup
  16. Mańkowska A, Witkowska D. The Most Common Environmental Risk Factors for Equine Asthma-A Narrative Review. Animals (Basel) 2024 Jul 14;14(14).
    doi: 10.3390/ani14142062pubmed: 39061524google scholar: lookup
  17. Grzyb J, Podstawski Z, Bulski K. Fungal aerosol and particulate matter in horse stables in Poland. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024 Jul 24;108(1):426.
    doi: 10.1007/s00253-024-13258-4pubmed: 39046596google scholar: lookup
  18. Mazan MR, Deveney EF. A cross-sectional observational study of birefringent particulates in bronchoalveolar lavage cytology in horses with equine asthma from the West v East coasts of the USA. PLoS One 2024;19(4):e0297181.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297181pubmed: 38573986google scholar: lookup
  19. Rodzyń I, Karpińska K, Bis-Wencel H, Wlazło Ł, Ossowski M, Strzelec K, Jaguszewski S, Nowakowicz-Dębek B. Exposure to chemical pollutants and biological aerosol in indoor facilities for recreational and sport horses. BMC Vet Res 2024 Feb 28;20(1):78.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-024-03930-2pubmed: 38413934google scholar: lookup
  20. Diez de Castro E, Fernandez-Molina JM. Environmental Management of Equine Asthma. Animals (Basel) 2024 Jan 30;14(3).
    doi: 10.3390/ani14030446pubmed: 38338089google scholar: lookup
  21. Simões J, Tilley P. Decision Making in Severe Equine Asthma-Diagnosis and Monitoring. Animals (Basel) 2023 Dec 16;13(24).
    doi: 10.3390/ani13243872pubmed: 38136909google scholar: lookup
  22. Martins LML. Survey of Sensitization to Common Fungi in an Allergic Dog Population: The Need for Further Focus on Sensitization and Allergy to Fungi in Veterinary Medicine. J Fungi (Basel) 2023 Nov 3;9(11).
    doi: 10.3390/jof9111075pubmed: 37998880google scholar: lookup
  23. Lemonnier LC, Couroucé A, Cessans M, Petit L, Cardwell JM, Barbazanges P, Toquet M-, Richard EA. Detection of fungi in the airways of horses according to the sample site: a methodological study. Vet Res Commun 2024 Feb;48(1):345-355.
    doi: 10.1007/s11259-023-10213-ypubmed: 37704768google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,780 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.