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Reproduction in domestic animals = Zuchthygiene2023; doi: 10.1111/rda.14390

General and comparative aspects of endometritis in domestic species: A review.

Abstract: Endometritis is a leading cause of sub- and infertility in domestic animal species. The healthy uterus is colonized by commensal bacteria, viruses and yeast/fungi that represent the nonpathogenic microbiota. A shift in the number or type of organisms accompanied by immune dysfunction, however, may trigger uterine infection and inflammation. Metritis is associated with inflammation of all uterine layers (endometrium, myometrium and perimetrium), whereas endometritis is a more superficial inflammation involving solely the endometrium. Endometritis generally occurs at two time points in domestic animal species, postpartum and postmating. Postpartum endometritis may chronically persist, either as a low-grade disease that often manifests as a vaginal discharge but not a systemic illness (in some species termed clinical endometritis) or sometimes subclinical where features are only detected by endometrial sampling. Contamination of the uterus at the time of mating occurs by direct deposition of semen (ejaculated or artificially inseminated) into the uterus. Improper drainage of the ejaculatory fluid or an inadequate immune response may result in persistent mating-induced endometritis. Both postpartum and postmating endometritis interferes with fertility by creating a suboptimal environment for embryo development and placentation, and chronic endometritis may have an impact on sperm survival and fertilization ability. In the postpartum animal, there may also be changes in milk production and maternal behaviour, which can affect offspring health and survival. Preventive strategies for endometritis largely depend on monitoring their known risk factors, which are sometimes specific with regard to the species. Effective, nonantibiotic therapy for endometritis is not available to date. Overall, extensive research has been performed in cattle and horses to unravel key aspects of endometritis, but in sows and bitches, the available literature is scant. Thus, the need and opportunity to investigate the condition vary considerably among domestic species and necessitate their comparative assessment. This article reviews general and comparative aspects of the diagnosis and classification, pathogenesis, preventive strategies and therapeutics of endometritis in domestic species with a specific focus on cows, mares, sows and bitches.
© 2023 The Authors. Reproduction in Domestic Animals published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.
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Publication Date: 2023-05-16 PubMed ID: 37191856DOI: 10.1111/rda.14390Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article examines endometritis, a cause of infertility, in domestic animals, focusing on differences in manifestation, diagnosis, and treatment across species. It particularly reviews the condition in cows, mares, sows, and bitches.

Understanding Endometritis

  • Endometritis is a contributing factor to sub- and infertility in domestic animals.
  • It is an inflammation that affects only the endometrium layer of the uterus, which differs from metritis, an inflammation of all uterine layers.
  • Endometritis occurs postpartum (after giving birth) and postmating, and conditions vary from chronic low-grade disease to acute systemic issues.

The Role of Microbiota Shifts and Immune Dysfunction

  • The healthy uterus in animals contains nonpathogenic microbiota, including bacteria, viruses, and yeast/fungi.
  • An increase in these organisms, coupled with a dysfunctional immune response, can trigger uterine infection and inflammation, leading to endometritis.

Impact on Fertility, Milk Production, and Maternal Behavior

  • Endometritis affects fertility by creating a suboptimal environment for embryo development and placement in the womb
  • Chronic cases of the disease also impact sperm survival and the ability to fertilize
  • In postpartum females, endometritis can lead to changes in milk production and maternal behavior, which ultimately impacts offspring health and survival

Preventive Strategies and the Need for Therapeutics

  • Preventing endometritis largely relies on monitoring known risk factors, which can significantly vary across species.
  • Current treatments are largely ineffective, and there is a significant need for non-antibiotic therapy options.

Current Knowledge and Need for Further Research

  • The bulk of existing literature focuses on endometritis in cattle and horses.
  • The condition’s understanding in sows and bitches is limited, reflecting the need for additional species-specific research
  • The authors call for a comparative assessment across domestic animals to better understand the disease’s diagnosis, classification, pathogenesis, prevention strategies, and treatment options.

Cite This Article

APA
Pascottini OB, Aurich C, England G, Grahofer A. (2023). General and comparative aspects of endometritis in domestic species: A review. Reprod Domest Anim. https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.14390

Publication

Reproduction in domestic animals = Zuchthygiene
ISSN: 1439-0531
NlmUniqueID: 9015668
Country: Germany
Language: English

Researcher Affiliations

Pascottini, O Bogado
  • Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
Aurich, C
  • Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer, Department for Small Animals and Horses, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
England, G
  • School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, UK.
Grahofer, A
  • Clinic for Swine, Department for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.

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