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Virologica Sinica2023; 38(4); 485-496; doi: 10.1016/j.virs.2023.07.001

Host cell restriction factors of equine infectious anemia virus.

Abstract: Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) is a member of the lentivirus genus in the Retroviridae family and is considered an animal model for HIV/AIDS research. An attenuated EIAV vaccine, which was successfully developed in the 1970s by classical serial passage techniques, is the first and only lentivirus vaccine that has been widely used to date. Restriction factors are cellular proteins that provide an early line of defense against viral replication and spread by interfering with various critical steps in the viral replication cycle. However, viruses have evolved specific mechanisms to overcome these host barriers through adaptation. The battle between the viruses and restriction factors is actually a natural part of the viral replication process, which has been well studied in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). EIAV has the simplest genome composition of all lentiviruses, making it an intriguing subject for understanding how the virus employs its limited viral proteins to overcome restriction factors. In this review, we summarize the current literature on the interactions between equine restriction factors and EIAV. The features of equine restriction factors and the mechanisms by which the EIAV counteract the restriction suggest that lentiviruses employ diverse strategies to counteract innate immune restrictions. In addition, we present our insights on whether restriction factors induce alterations in the phenotype of the attenuated EIAV vaccine.
Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Publication Date: 2023-07-05 PubMed ID: 37419416PubMed Central: PMC10436108DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2023.07.001Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research paper is a review on the interactions of host cell restriction factors and the equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), a lentivirus used as an animal model for HIV/AIDS research. It explores the mechanisms of how the virus overcomes these barriers and potential effects on an attenuated EIAV vaccine.

Overview of the Research Paper

The paper studies the interactions between EIAV and restriction factors – cellular proteins that form the first line of protection against viral replication and spread. This review aims to:

  • Understand how EIAV employs its viral proteins to overcome restriction factors.
  • Elucidate the characteristics of equine restriction factors.
  • Analyze how EIAV overcomes these restrictions.
  • Inquire if restriction factors induce alterations in the phenotype of the attenuated EIAV vaccine.

EIAV and Restriction Factors

EIAV, a member of lentivirus in the Retroviridae family, is said to have the simplest genome composition among all lentiviruses. This simplicity makes EIAV a fascinating subject in studying how the virus uses its minimal proteins to overcome restriction factors.

Restriction factors are proteins that obstruct viral replication and spread at various stages of the viral replication cycle to protect the host cell. They can hinder viruses, but viruses have developed specific adaptations to overcome these obstacles.

Battle Between Viruses and Restriction Factors

The interaction between viruses and restriction factors is a natural part of the viral replication process. For instance, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has been thoroughly studied on the same. This is a battle of survival where host cells aim to safeguard from viruses and viruses strive to infect and multiply in the host cells successfully.

Lentiviruses’ Counteractions

Lentiviruses employ multiple strategies to overcome inherent immune restrictions. Understanding how EIAV counteracts restriction factors will shed light on these strategies, which could aid in developing more effective treatments for diseases like HIV/AIDS.

Impact on EIAV Vaccine

Lastly, the review looks into whether these restriction factors could potentially alter the phenotype of the attenuated EIAV vaccine that has been in use since the 1970s. This helps understand whether the effectiveness of the vaccine is compromised over time due to this interaction and what measures could be taken to enhance its potency.

Cite This Article

APA
Wang XF, Zhang X, Ma W, Li J, Wang X. (2023). Host cell restriction factors of equine infectious anemia virus. Virol Sin, 38(4), 485-496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virs.2023.07.001

Publication

Virologica Sinica
ISSN: 1995-820X
NlmUniqueID: 101514185
Country: Netherlands
Language: English
Volume: 38
Issue: 4
Pages: 485-496
PII: S1995-820X(23)00081-0

Researcher Affiliations

Wang, Xue-Feng
  • State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
Zhang, Xiangmin
  • State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
Ma, Weiwei
  • State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
Li, Jiwei
  • State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
Wang, Xiaojun
  • State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China. Electronic address: wangxiaojun@caas.cn.

MeSH Terms

  • Horses
  • Animals
  • Humans
  • Infectious Anemia Virus, Equine / genetics
  • Antiviral Restriction Factors
  • Viral Proteins / metabolism
  • Virus Replication
  • HIV-1 / genetics

Conflict of Interest Statement

Conflict of interest The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

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Citations

This article has been cited 6 times.
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