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PloS one2013; 8(7); e70000; doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070000

Identification of hotspots in the European union for the introduction of four zoonotic arboviroses by live animal trade.

Abstract: Live animal trade is considered a major mode of introduction of viruses from enzootic foci into disease-free areas. Due to societal and behavioural changes, some wild animal species may nowadays be considered as pet species. The species diversity of animals involved in international trade is thus increasing. This could benefit pathogens that have a broad host range such as arboviruses. The objective of this study was to analyze the risk posed by live animal imports for the introduction, in the European Union (EU), of four arboviruses that affect human and horses: Eastern and Western equine encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan equine encephalitis and Japanese encephalitis. Importation data for a five-years period (2005-2009, extracted from the EU TRACES database), environmental data (used as a proxy for the presence of vectors) and horses and human population density data (impacting the occurrence of clinical cases) were combined to derive spatially explicit risk indicators for virus introduction and for the potential consequences of such introductions. Results showed the existence of hotspots where the introduction risk was the highest in Belgium, in the Netherlands and in the north of Italy. This risk was higher for Eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) than for the three other diseases. It was mainly attributed to exotic pet species such as rodents, reptiles or cage birds, imported in small-sized containments from a wide variety of geographic origins. The increasing species and origin diversity of these animals may have in the future a strong impact on the risk of introduction of arboviruses in the EU.
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Publication Date: 2013-07-23 PubMed ID: 23894573PubMed Central: PMC3720944DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070000Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article focuses on the risk imposed by the live animal trade in the introduction of four types of arboviruses (viruses transmitted by arthropods) into the European Union. These viruses, specifically Eastern and Western equine encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan equine encephalitis and Japanese encephalitis, can affect both humans and horses. The study assessed the potential hotspots in the EU over a five-year period using importation, environmental, and population density data.

Objective and Methodology

  • The research aimed to explore the risk posed by live animal imports for the introduction of four arboviruses into the European Union (EU). This risk assessment was important considering societal and behavioural changes that are leading to the classification of wild animal species as pet species, which could benefit pathogens with a broad host range like arboviruses.
  • The study utilized importation data for a five-year period, extracted from the TRACES database of the EU, as well as environmental data and human population density data. The environmental data served as a proxy for the presence of vectors (organisms that transmit diseases), while the human and horse population density data had an impact on the occurrence of clinical cases.
  • All these data were combined to derive spatially explicit risk indicators for virus introduction and for potential consequences of such introductions.

Findings

  • The results of the study revealed the existence of hotspots where the risk of introduction was the highest, particularly in Belgium, the Netherlands and northern Italy. The risk was particularly higher for Eastern equine encephalomyelitis than the other diseases under consideration.
  • Exotic pet species like rodents, reptiles, or cage birds provided the main risk. They were imported in small-sized containments from a variety of geographical origins. The trend of increasing species and origin diversity among these animals could potentially have a significant impact on the risk of arbovirus introduction into EU in the future.

In conclusion, the study shows the critical role of exotic pet species in the potential introduction of arboviruses in the EU. These findings cast light on potential future risks and contribute to understanding the danger of specific animal imports. They could inform biosecurity measures and policies for live animal trade in the EU.

Cite This Article

APA
Durand B, Lecollinet S, Beck C, Martínez-López B, Balenghien T, Chevalier V. (2013). Identification of hotspots in the European union for the introduction of four zoonotic arboviroses by live animal trade. PLoS One, 8(7), e70000. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0070000

Publication

PloS one
ISSN: 1932-6203
NlmUniqueID: 101285081
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 8
Issue: 7
Pages: e70000
PII: e70000

Researcher Affiliations

Durand, Benoit
  • Anses, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, France. benoit.durand@anses.fr
Lecollinet, Sylvie
    Beck, Cécile
      Martínez-López, Beatriz
        Balenghien, Thomas
          Chevalier, Véronique

            MeSH Terms

            • Animals
            • Animals, Wild / virology
            • Commerce
            • Encephalitis Viruses / isolation & purification
            • Encephalitis, Arbovirus / epidemiology
            • Encephalitis, Arbovirus / veterinary
            • Encephalitis, Arbovirus / virology
            • Europe / epidemiology
            • European Union
            • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
            • Horse Diseases / virology
            • Horses
            • Humans
            • Introduced Species
            • Pets / virology
            • Risk Factors
            • Zoonoses / epidemiology
            • Zoonoses / virology

            Conflict of Interest Statement

            The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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