FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Equine Vet J / Identifying possible thresholds for nonstructural carbohydra...
Equine veterinary journal2022; doi: 10.1111/evj.13910

Identifying possible thresholds for nonstructural carbohydrates in the insulin dysregulated horse.

Abstract: Identifying intake levels of nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) that limit the postprandial insulinaemic response in the insulin dysregulated (ID) horse may help reduce hyperinsulinaemia-associated laminitis (HAL) risk. Objective: To determine if ID horses have thresholds for pure sources of starch and sugar, above which there is an augmented insulin response. Methods: Randomised crossover experiment. Methods: Fourteen adult horses (6 ID and 8 noninsulin dysregulated, NID; matched for bodyweight) were randomly fed eight dietary treatments. Dietary treatments were formulated using a base of low-nonstructural carbohydrate pellet (LNSC; 0.04 g of water-soluble carbohydrates (WSCs)/kg bwt and 0.01 g of starch/kg bwt), to which pure sugar (dextrose) or starch (50:50 mix of waxy-maize and oat starch powder) sources were titrated to create diets with increasing amounts of either WSC (0.06-0.17 g WSC/kg bwt), or starch (0.03-0.1 g starch/kg bwt). Horses were fed each dietary treatment at a rate of 1 g/kg bwt once over 12 weeks. Serial blood samples were collected pre- and up to 240 min postprandially. Insulin was determined via RIA and diet analytes were determined via wet chemistry. Statistical analysis was performed with a mixed effect model. Positive incremental area under the curve for insulin (IAUCi) was calculated for all horses and dietary treatments. Results: There was no significant effect of diet in NID horses but diets with NSC >0.1 g/kg bwt produced an augmented response in ID horses compared with the LNSC (p 0.1 g/kg (p  0.1 g/kg Körpergewicht führte zu einer verstärkten Reaktion bei ID-Pferden im Vergleich zu LNSC (p  0.1 g/kg (p < 0.04). Offensichtliche Schwellenwerte für den Zusatz von Zucker und Stärke variierten. Unassigned: Ausgehend von dieser Studie, bei der zusätzliche reine Stärke- und Zuckerquellen verwendet wurden, scheinen ID-Pferde einen offensichtlichen Schwellenwert für NSV von etwa 0.1 g/kg Körpergewicht/Mahlzeit zu haben, oberhalb dessen im Vergleich zu NID-Pferden eine deutlich erhöhte Insulinreaktion zu beobachten ist.
© 2022 EVJ Ltd.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2022-12-20 PubMed ID: 36537847DOI: 10.1111/evj.13910Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research article explores the relationship between the intake of nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) and insulin responses in horses, particularly insulin-dysregulated (ID) horses. The goal is to identify a threshold for starch and sugar intake in these ID horses, beyond which insulin responses are significantly increased. The results show that ID horses seem to have a threshold of about 0.1 grams of NSC per kilogram of body weight per meal.

Research methodology

  • The research was conducted via a randomized crossover experiment on 14 adult horses, 6 of which were insulin-dysregulated (ID) and 8 of which were non-insulin dysregulated (NID).
  • The horses were randomly fed eight dietary treatments which consisted of increasing amounts of either water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) or starch. This was formulated using a low-nonstructural carbohydrate pellet (LNSC) with added pure sugar (dextrose) or a 50:50 mix of waxy-maize and oat starch powder.
  • Data was collected over a period of 12 weeks, with horses being fed each dietary treatment at a rate of 1g/kg of body weight once.
  • Blood samples were collected both before and after meal intake, up to 240 minutes postprandially (after meal).

Research findings

  • For the non-insulin dysregulated (NID) horses, there wasn’t a significant effect of the diet on their insulin response.
  • However, for the insulin dysregulated (ID) horses, diets with NSC greater than 0.1 g/kg of body weight produced a considerably augmented response when compared with the LNSC diet.
  • The incremental area under the curve for insulin (IAUCi) of the ID horses was also significantly different to all NID IAUCi for diets with NSC greater than 0.1 g/kg.
  • Trends in the data also suggested that the apparent thresholds for the addition of sugar and starch in the diet varied.

Conclusion

  • The study reveals that insulin-dysregulated (ID) horses show a considerably higher insulin response when the NSC content of their diet exceeds approximately 0.1 g/kg of body weight per meal.
  • This suggests that maintaining NSC levels below this threshold could be an effective strategy in managing insulin dysregulation in horses and reducing the risk of conditions like hyperinsulinaemia-associated laminitis (HAL).

Cite This Article

APA
Macon EL, Harris P, Bailey S, Caldwell Barker A, Adams A. (2022). Identifying possible thresholds for nonstructural carbohydrates in the insulin dysregulated horse. Equine Vet J. https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.13910

Publication

Equine veterinary journal
ISSN: 2042-3306
NlmUniqueID: 0173320
Country: United States
Language: English

Researcher Affiliations

Macon, Erica Lyn
  • 108 M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.
Harris, Patricia
  • Equine Studies Group, Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Leicestershire, UK.
Bailey, Simon
  • Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Caldwell Barker, Ashley
  • College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, Tennessee, USA.
Adams, Amanda
  • Mars Equestrian™ Fellow, Department of Veterinary Science, M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.

Grant Funding

  • 3048113252 / MARS Horsecare

References

This article includes 41 references
  1. Frank N, Bailey S, Bertin FR, de Laat M, Durham A, Kritchevsky J, Menzies-Gow N. Recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of equine metabolic syndrome.. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier; 2020.
  2. Durham AE, Frank N, McGowan CM, Menzies-Gow NJ, Roelfsema E, Vervuert I. ECEIM consensus statement on equine metabolic syndrome.. J Vet Intern Med 2019;33(2):335-49.
  3. Meier AD, de Laat MA, Reiche DB, Pollitt CC, Walsh DM, McGree JM. The oral glucose test predicts laminitis risk in ponies fed a diet high in nonstructural carbohydrates.. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2018;63:1-9.
  4. Geor RJ, Harris PA, Coenen M. Equine applied and clinical nutrition: health, welfare and performance.. Amsterdam: Saunders Elsevier; 2013.
  5. Morrison PK, Harris PA, Maltin CA, Grove-White D, Argo CM. EQUIFAT: a novel scoring system for the semi-quantitative evaluation of regional adipose tissues in Equidae.. PLoS One 2017;12(3):e0173753.
  6. McCue ME, Geor RJ, Schultz N. Equine metabolic syndrome: a complex disease influenced by genetics and the environment.. J Equine Vet 2015;35(5):367-75.
  7. Shepherd ML, Pleasant RS, Crisman MV, Werre SR, Milton SC, Swecker WS Jr. Effects of high and moderate non-structural carbohydrate hay on insulin, glucose, triglyceride, and leptin concentrations in overweight Arabian geldings.. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 2012;96(3):428-35.
  8. Pratt SE, Geor RJ, McCutcheon LJ. Effects of dietary energy source and physical conditioning on insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in Standardbred horses.. Equine Vet J Suppl 2006;38(s36):579-84.
  9. Borgia L, Valberg S, McCue M, Watts K, Pagan J. Glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to feeding hay with different non-structural carbohydrate content in control and polysaccharide storage myopathy-affected horses.. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 2011;95(6):798-807.
  10. Vervuert I, Klein S, Coenen M. Effects of feeding state on glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to a starchy meal in horses: a methodological approach.. Animal 2009;3(9):1246-53.
  11. Vervuert I, Voigt K, Hollands T, Cí·¯ord D, Coenen M. Effect of feeding increasing quantities of starch on glycaemic and insulinaemic responses in healthy horses.. Vet J 2009;182(1):67-72.
  12. Macon EL, Harris P, Bailey S, Barker VD, Adams A. Postprandial insulin responses to various feedstuffs differ in insulin dysregulated horses compared with non-insulin dysregulated controls.. Equine Vet J 2022;54(3):574-83.
  13. Schuver A, Frank N, Chameroy KA, Elliott SB. Assessment of insulin and glucose dynamics by using an oral sugar test in horses.. J Equine Vet 2014;34(4):465-70.
  14. Perkins GA, Lamb S, Erb HN, Schanbacher B, Nydam DV, Divers TJ. Plasma adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) concentrations and clinical response in horses treated for equine Cushing's disease with cyproheptadine or pergolide.. Equine Vet J 2002;34(7):679-85.
  15. Zak A, Siwinska N, Elzinga S, Barker VD, Stefaniak T, Schanbacher BJ. Effects of equine metabolic syndrome on inflammation and acute-phase markers in horses.. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2020;72:106448.
  16. Wolever TM, Jenkins DJ. The use of the glycemic index in predicting the blood glucose response to mixed meals.. Am J Clin Nutr 1986;43(1):167-72.
  17. Jose-Cunilleras E, Taylor LE, Hinchcliff KW. Glycemic index of cracked corn, oat groats and rolled barley in horses.. J Anim Sci 2004;82(9):2623-9.
  18. McLean BML, Hyslop JJ, Longland AC, Cí·¯ord D, Hollands T. Physical processing of barley and its effects on intra-caecal fermentation parameters in ponies.. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2000;85(1-2):79-87.
  19. Tinworth KD, Boston RC, Harris PA, Sillence MN, Raidal SL, Noble GK. The effect of oral metformin on insulin sensitivity in insulin-resistant ponies.. Vet J 2012;191(1):79-84.
  20. Holst JJ. The incretin system in healthy humans: the role of GIP and GLP-1.. Metabolism 2019;96:46-55.
  21. Gordon MEJM, King SL, Davison KE, Young JK, Raub RH. The effects of nonstructural carbohydrate content and feeding rate on glucose and insulin response to meal feeding in equine.. J Equine Vet Sci 2007;27(11):489-93.
  22. Aller EE, Abete I, Astrup A, Martinez JA, van Baak MA. Starches, sugars and obesity.. Nutrients 2011;3(3):341-69.
  23. Sands AL, Leidy HJ, Hamaker BR, Maguire P, Campbell WW. Consumption of the slow-digesting waxy maize starch leads to blunted plasma glucose and insulin response but does not influence energy expenditure or appetite in humans.. Nutr Res 2009;29(6):383-90.
  24. Tester RF, Karkalas J, Qi X. Starch-composition, fine structure and architecture.. J Cereal Sci 2004;39(2):151-65.
  25. Dyer JME, Salmon KSH, Proudman CJ, Edwards GB, Shirazi-Beechey SP. Molecular characterisation of carbohydrate digestion and absorption in equine small intestine.. Equine Vet J 2002;34(4):349-58.
  26. Dyer J, Al-Rammahi M, Waterfall L, Salmon KSH, Geor RJ, Boure L. Adaptive response of equine intestinal Na+/glucose co-transporter (SGLT1) to an increase in dietary soluble carbohydrate.. Pflugers Arch 2009;458(2):419-30.
  27. Bi Y, Wang JL, Li ML, Zhou J, Sun XL. The association between pancreas steatosis and metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis.. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2019;35(5):e3142.
  28. Frank N, Geor RJ, Bailey SR, Durham AE, Johnson PJ, American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine. Equine metabolic syndrome.. J Vet Intern Med 2010;24(3):467-75.
  29. Shanik MH, Xu Y, Skrha J, Dankner R, Zick Y, Roth J. Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia: is hyperinsulinemia the cart of the horse?. Diabetes Care 2008;31:S262-8.
  30. Reynolds A, Keen JA, Fordham T, Morgan RA. Adipose tissue dysfunction in obese horses with equine metabolic syndrome.. Equine Vet J 2019;51(6):760-6.
  31. Schneeman BO, Inman MD, Stern JS. Pancreatic enzyme activity in obese and lean Zucker rats: a developmental study.. J Nutr 1983;113(4):921-5.
  32. Mehran AE, Templeman NM, Brigidi GS, Lim GE, Chu KY, Hu X. Hyperinsulinemia drives diet-induced obesity independently of brain insulin production.. Cell Metab 2012;16(6):723-37.
  33. Yu Y-H, Ginsberg HN. Adipocyte signaling and lipid homeostasis: sequelae of insulin-resistant adipose tissue.. Circ Res 2005;96:1042-52.
  34. Carpenter AC. Postprandial fatty acid metabolism in the development of lipotoxicity and type 2 diabetes.. Diabetes Metab 2008;34:97-107.
  35. van Herpen NA, Schrauwen-Hinderling VB. Lipid accumulation in non-adipose tissue and lipotoxicity.. Physiol Behav 2008;94:231-41.
  36. Kusminski CM, Shetty S, Orci L, Unger RH, Scherer PE. Diabetes and apoptosis: lipotoxicity.. Apoptosis 2008;14:1484-95.
  37. Frank N, Tadros EM. Insulin dysregulation.. Equine Vet J 2014;46(1):103-12.
  38. Macon EL, Harris PA, Adams AA. Variartion in individual oral test responses.. Equine Science Society Symposium; June 1--4; Virtual 2021.
  39. Rahnama S, Vathsangam N, Spence R, Medina-Torres CE, Pollitt CC, de Laat MA. Effects of an anti-IGF-1 receptor monoclonal antibody on laminitis induced by prolonged hyperinsulinaemia in Standardbred horses.. PLoS One 2020;15(9):e0239261.
  40. Moser K, Banse H. Comparison of the glucose and insulin responses of horses to 2 formulations of corn syrup.. Can Vet J 2019;60(6):637-43.
  41. Staniar WB, Cubitt TA, George LA, Harris PA, Geor RJ. Glucose and insulin responses to different dietary energy sources in Thoroughbred broodmares grazing cool season pasture.. Livest Sci 2007;111:164-71.

Citations

This article has been cited 0 times.
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,357 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.