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BMC veterinary research2020; 16(1); 322; doi: 10.1186/s12917-020-02540-y

Immune response of horses to inactivated African horse sickness vaccines.

Abstract: African horse sickness (AHS) is a serious viral disease of equids resulting in the deaths of many equids in sub-Saharan Africa that has been recognized for centuries. This has significant economic impact on the horse industry, despite the good husbandry practices. Currently, prevention and control of the disease is based on administration of live attenuated vaccines and control of the arthropod vectors. Results: A total of 29 horses in 2 groups, were vaccinated. Eighteen horses in Group 1 were further divided into 9 subgroups of 2 horses each, were individually immunised with one of 1 to 9 AHS serotypes, respectively. The eleven horses of Group 2 were immunised with all 9 serotypes simultaneously with 2 different vaccinations containing 5 serotypes (1, 4, 7-9) and 4 serotypes (2, 3, 5, 6) respectively. The duration of this study was 12 months. Blood samples were periodically withdrawn for serum antibody tests using ELISA and VNT and for 2 weeks after each vaccination for PCR and virus isolation. After the booster vaccination, these 27 horses seroconverted, however 2 horses responded poorly as measured by ELISA. In Group 1 ELISA and VN antibodies declined between 5 to 7 months post vaccination (pv). Twelve months later, the antibody levels in most of the horses decreased to the seronegative range until the annual booster where all horses again seroconverted strongly. In Group 2, ELISA antibodies were positive after the first booster and VN antibodies started to appear for some serotypes after primary vaccination. After booster vaccination, VN antibodies increased in a different pattern for each serotype. Antibodies remained high for 12 months and increased strongly after the annual booster in 78% of the horses. PCR and virus isolation results remained negative. Conclusions: Horses vaccinated with single serotypes need a booster after 6 months and simultaneously immunised horses after 12 months. Due to the non-availability of a facility in the UAE, no challenge infection could be carried out.
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Publication Date: 2020-09-01 PubMed ID: 32873300PubMed Central: PMC7466525DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02540-yGoogle Scholar: Lookup
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  • Clinical Trial
  • Veterinary
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research paper evaluates the immune response of horses to inactivated African horse sickness vaccines. It concludes that horses vaccinated with single serotypes require a booster after six months and those immunised with multiple types need a booster after twelve months. The researchers couldn’t perform challenge infection due to unavailability of the necessary facility.

Methodology

  • The study involves 29 horses divided into two groups. In Group 1, each pair of horses was vaccinated with a different serotype of AHS (1 to 9). Group 2 had eleven horses immunised simultaneously with all nine serotypes via two different vaccines.
  • The study spanned twelve months, with blood tests being done periodically for serum antibody evaluation using techniques such as ELISA and Virus Neutralization Test (VNT). For two weeks after each vaccination, the researchers also conducted PCR and virus isolation tests.

Findings

  • Following a booster vaccination, all but two horses, which had a poor response, showed an increase in antibodies (seroconversion).
  • In Group 1, antibody levels declined between 5 to 7 months post-vaccination (pv). After one year, the antibody levels in most horses decreased to a seronegative range, until they received an annual booster and showed strong seroconversion.
  • In Group 2 horses that were given multiple serotypes, ELISA antibodies were positive after the first booster and VNT antibodies appeared for some serotypes after primary vaccination. The VNT antibodies’ patterns were different for each serotype. These antibodies remained high for a full year and increased even more after the horses received their annual booster.
  • Results of both PCR and virus isolation tests remained negative throughout the study.

Conclusions

  • The results call for a six-month booster after vaccinating horses with single serotypes. For horses vaccinated against all nine serotypes at once, a booster is required after a year.
  • The testing could not include challenge infections due to a lack of necessary facilities in the United Arab Emirates where the study was conducted.

Cite This Article

APA
Rodríguez M, Joseph S, Pfeffer M, Raghavan R, Wernery U. (2020). Immune response of horses to inactivated African horse sickness vaccines. BMC Vet Res, 16(1), 322. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-020-02540-y

Publication

BMC veterinary research
ISSN: 1746-6148
NlmUniqueID: 101249759
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 16
Issue: 1
Pages: 322

Researcher Affiliations

Rodríguez, Marina
  • Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 597, Dubai, UAE. rcmarina@cvrl.ae.
Joseph, Sunitha
  • Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 597, Dubai, UAE.
Pfeffer, Martin
  • Veterinary Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
Raghavan, Rekha
  • Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 597, Dubai, UAE.
Wernery, Ulrich
  • Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 597, Dubai, UAE.

MeSH Terms

  • African Horse Sickness / blood
  • African Horse Sickness / prevention & control
  • African Horse Sickness Virus / immunology
  • Animals
  • Antibodies, Neutralizing
  • Antibodies, Viral / blood
  • Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / veterinary
  • Horses
  • Immunization Schedule
  • Serogroup
  • Vaccines, Inactivated / administration & dosage
  • Vaccines, Inactivated / immunology
  • Viral Vaccines / administration & dosage
  • Viral Vaccines / immunology

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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Citations

This article has been cited 6 times.
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