FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / BMC Vet Res / Immune response of horses to inactivated African horse sickn...
BMC veterinary research2020; 16(1); 322; doi: 10.1186/s12917-020-02540-y

Immune response of horses to inactivated African horse sickness vaccines.

Abstract: African horse sickness (AHS) is a serious viral disease of equids resulting in the deaths of many equids in sub-Saharan Africa that has been recognized for centuries. This has significant economic impact on the horse industry, despite the good husbandry practices. Currently, prevention and control of the disease is based on administration of live attenuated vaccines and control of the arthropod vectors. Results: A total of 29 horses in 2 groups, were vaccinated. Eighteen horses in Group 1 were further divided into 9 subgroups of 2 horses each, were individually immunised with one of 1 to 9 AHS serotypes, respectively. The eleven horses of Group 2 were immunised with all 9 serotypes simultaneously with 2 different vaccinations containing 5 serotypes (1, 4, 7-9) and 4 serotypes (2, 3, 5, 6) respectively. The duration of this study was 12 months. Blood samples were periodically withdrawn for serum antibody tests using ELISA and VNT and for 2 weeks after each vaccination for PCR and virus isolation. After the booster vaccination, these 27 horses seroconverted, however 2 horses responded poorly as measured by ELISA. In Group 1 ELISA and VN antibodies declined between 5 to 7 months post vaccination (pv). Twelve months later, the antibody levels in most of the horses decreased to the seronegative range until the annual booster where all horses again seroconverted strongly. In Group 2, ELISA antibodies were positive after the first booster and VN antibodies started to appear for some serotypes after primary vaccination. After booster vaccination, VN antibodies increased in a different pattern for each serotype. Antibodies remained high for 12 months and increased strongly after the annual booster in 78% of the horses. PCR and virus isolation results remained negative. Conclusions: Horses vaccinated with single serotypes need a booster after 6 months and simultaneously immunised horses after 12 months. Due to the non-availability of a facility in the UAE, no challenge infection could be carried out.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2020-09-01 PubMed ID: 32873300PubMed Central: PMC7466525DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02540-yGoogle Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Clinical Trial
  • Veterinary
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research paper evaluates the immune response of horses to inactivated African horse sickness vaccines. It concludes that horses vaccinated with single serotypes require a booster after six months and those immunised with multiple types need a booster after twelve months. The researchers couldn’t perform challenge infection due to unavailability of the necessary facility.

Methodology

  • The study involves 29 horses divided into two groups. In Group 1, each pair of horses was vaccinated with a different serotype of AHS (1 to 9). Group 2 had eleven horses immunised simultaneously with all nine serotypes via two different vaccines.
  • The study spanned twelve months, with blood tests being done periodically for serum antibody evaluation using techniques such as ELISA and Virus Neutralization Test (VNT). For two weeks after each vaccination, the researchers also conducted PCR and virus isolation tests.

Findings

  • Following a booster vaccination, all but two horses, which had a poor response, showed an increase in antibodies (seroconversion).
  • In Group 1, antibody levels declined between 5 to 7 months post-vaccination (pv). After one year, the antibody levels in most horses decreased to a seronegative range, until they received an annual booster and showed strong seroconversion.
  • In Group 2 horses that were given multiple serotypes, ELISA antibodies were positive after the first booster and VNT antibodies appeared for some serotypes after primary vaccination. The VNT antibodies’ patterns were different for each serotype. These antibodies remained high for a full year and increased even more after the horses received their annual booster.
  • Results of both PCR and virus isolation tests remained negative throughout the study.

Conclusions

  • The results call for a six-month booster after vaccinating horses with single serotypes. For horses vaccinated against all nine serotypes at once, a booster is required after a year.
  • The testing could not include challenge infections due to a lack of necessary facilities in the United Arab Emirates where the study was conducted.

Cite This Article

APA
Rodríguez M, Joseph S, Pfeffer M, Raghavan R, Wernery U. (2020). Immune response of horses to inactivated African horse sickness vaccines. BMC Vet Res, 16(1), 322. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-020-02540-y

Publication

BMC veterinary research
ISSN: 1746-6148
NlmUniqueID: 101249759
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 16
Issue: 1
Pages: 322

Researcher Affiliations

Rodríguez, Marina
  • Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 597, Dubai, UAE. rcmarina@cvrl.ae.
Joseph, Sunitha
  • Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 597, Dubai, UAE.
Pfeffer, Martin
  • Veterinary Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
Raghavan, Rekha
  • Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 597, Dubai, UAE.
Wernery, Ulrich
  • Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 597, Dubai, UAE.

MeSH Terms

  • African Horse Sickness / blood
  • African Horse Sickness / prevention & control
  • African Horse Sickness Virus / immunology
  • Animals
  • Antibodies, Neutralizing
  • Antibodies, Viral / blood
  • Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / veterinary
  • Horses
  • Immunization Schedule
  • Serogroup
  • Vaccines, Inactivated / administration & dosage
  • Vaccines, Inactivated / immunology
  • Viral Vaccines / administration & dosage
  • Viral Vaccines / immunology

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

References

This article includes 41 references
  1. Coetzer J, Guthrie AJ. African horse sickness. In: Infectious diseases of livestock, ed. Coetzer J, Tustin RC. 2nd, volume 2. Cape Town: Oxford University Press; 2014. p. 1231-46.
  2. Zientara St. African horse sickness. In: Infectious and parasitic diseases of livestock, ed. P.-Ch. Lefèvre, J. Blancou, R. Chermette, G. Uilenberg, volume 1, Lavoisier, pp. 689-704. 2010.
  3. Fernández PJ, White WR. African horse sickness. In: Fernández PJ, White WR, editors. Atlas of Transboundary Animal Diseases. Paris: OIE; 2010. p. 11–8.
  4. Guthrie AJ, Quan M. African horse sickness. In: Mair TS, Hutchinson RE, editors. Infectious diseases of the horse: A peer-reviewed publication; 2009. p. 72–82.
  5. Merck Veterinary Manual (2016). Merck and Co., INC., Kenilworth, Bluetongue, pp. 738–741.
  6. Salama S.A., EL Husseini M.M. and Abdalla S.K. (1979 And 1980). 3rd and 4th Ann. Rep. US AHS Project 169, Cairo: 55-69, 91–98.
  7. Diouf ND, Etter E, Lo MM, Lo M, Akakpo AJ. Outbreaks of African horse sickness in Senegal and methods of control of the 2007 epidemic. Vet Rec 2012;172:152.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.101083pubmed: 23223002google scholar: lookup
  8. OIE. African Horse Sickness. Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals. 8th ed. Paris: OIE; 2018. p. 1237–52.
  9. Van Vuuren M, Penzhorn BL. Geographic range of vector-borne infections and their vectors: the role of African wildlife. Rev Sci Tech Off Int Epiz 2015;34(1):139–149.
    doi: 10.20506/rst.34.1.2350pubmed: 26470454google scholar: lookup
  10. Attoui H, Mohd JF. Zoonotic and emerging orbivirus infections. Rev Sci Tech Off Int Epiz 2015;34(2):353–361.
    doi: 10.20506/rst.34.2.2362pubmed: 26601440google scholar: lookup
  11. Zientara S, Weyer CT, Lecollinet S. African horse sickness. Rev Sci Tech Off Int Epiz 2015;34(2):315–327.
    doi: 10.20506/rst.34.2.2359pubmed: 26601437google scholar: lookup
  12. Oura C. A possible role for domestic dogs in the spread of African horse sickness virus. Vet Rec 2018;182:713–4.
    pubmed: 29934455
  13. O'Dell N, Arnot L, Janisch CE, Steyl JC. Clinical presentation and pathology of suspected vector transmitted African horse sickness in south African domestic dogs from 2006 to 2017. Vet Rec 2018;182:715.
    pubmed: 29519857
  14. Weyer CT, Grewar JD, Burger P, Rossouw E, Lourens C, Joone C, le Grange M, Coetzee P, Venter E, Martin DP, MacLachlan NJ, Guthrie AJ. African horse sickness caused by genome reassortment and reversion to virulence of live, attenuated vaccine viruses, South Africa, 2004–2014. Emerg Infect Dis 2016;22(12):2087–2096.
    doi: 10.3201/eid2212.160718pmc: PMC5189153pubmed: 27442883google scholar: lookup
  15. Susan J. Dennis, Ann E. Meyers, Inga I, Hitzeroth, Edward P. Rybicki. African horse sickness: a review of current understanding and vaccine development. Pp. 11-16. 2019.
    pmc: PMC6783979pubmed: 31514299
  16. Otieno OGE, Amimo JO. Molecular epidemiology of African horse sickness in Kenya. Afr Horse Sickness Conf Proc Abstract, Nairobi Kenya. 2018:33–4.
  17. Weyer CT. African horse sickness outbreak investigation and disease surveillance using molecular techniques. Doctoral thesis. South Africa: University Pretoria; 2016.
  18. Guthrie AJ, MacLachlan NJ, Jone C, Lourens CW, Weyer CT, Quan M, Monyai MS, Gardner IA. Diagnostic accuracy of a duplex real-time reverse transcription quantitative PCR assay for detection of African horse sickness virus. J Virol Methods 2013;189:30–35.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.12.014pubmed: 23291102google scholar: lookup
  19. Goosen D. 2019;32(29):3611-6. info@ahsequilink.co.za.
  20. Crafford J. E., Lourens C.W., Smit T.K., Gardner I. A., MacLachlan N. J., Guthrie A. J.. Serological response of foals to polyvalent and monovalent live attenuated African horse sickness virus vaccines. .
    pubmed: 24814557
  21. European Medicines Agency (2009). mail@emea.europa.euhttps://www.ema.europa.eu/en.
  22. Lefèvre P. -Ch., Mellor Ph., Saegerman Cl.. Bluetongue. In: Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of Livestock, ed. P.-Ch. Lefèvre, Blancou J., Chermette R., Uilenberg G., Volume 1, Lavoisier, pp. 663–688. 2010.
  23. House J, Lombard M, Dubourget P, House C, Mebus C. Efficacy of an inactivated African horse sickness serotype 4 vaccine. In: Walton TE, Osburn BI, editors. Bluetongue, African horse sickness and related Orbivirus: Proc. of the sec. Int. symposium. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1992. pp. 891–895.
  24. Davies FG, Soi RK, Binepal VS. African horse sickness viruses isolated in Kenya. Vet Rec 1993;132:440.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.132.17.440pubmed: 8498004google scholar: lookup
  25. van Dijk AA. African horse sickness vaccine development. In: Wernery U, Wade JF, Mumford JA, Kaaden O, editors. Equine infectious diseases. 8. Newmarket: R, R and W Publications; 1999. pp. 261–265.
  26. Hamblin C, Mellor PS, Graham SD, Hooghuis H, Montejano RC, Cubillo MA, Boned J. Antibodies in horses, mules and donkeys following monovalent vaccination against African horse sickness. Epidemiol Infect 1991;106:365–371.
    doi: 10.1017/S0950268800048512pmc: PMC2271997pubmed: 1902185google scholar: lookup
  27. Lubroth J. African horse sickness and the epizootic in Spain in 1987. Equine Pract 1988;10:26–33.
  28. Dennis S.J., O’Kennedy M.M., Rutkowska D., Tsekoa T., Lourens C.W., Hitzeroth I.I., Meyers A.E., Rybicki E.P.. Safety and immunogenicity of plant-produced African horse sickness virus-like particles in horses. BMC 2018.
    pmc: PMC6389048pubmed: 30309390doi: 10.1186/s13567-018-0600-4google scholar: lookup
  29. Alberca B, Bachanek-Bankowska K, Cabana M, Calvo-Pinilla E, Viaplana E, Frost L, Gubbins S, Urniza A, Mertens P, Castillo-Olivares J. Vaccination of horses with a recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara virus (MVA) expressing African horse sickness (AHS) virus major capsid protein VP2 provides complete clinical protection against challenge. Vaccine 2014;32:3670–3674.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.036pmc: PMC4061461pubmed: 24837765google scholar: lookup
  30. Guthrie AJ, Quan M, Lourens CW, Audonnet JC, Minke JM, Yao J, He L, Nordgren R, Gardner IA, Maclachlan NJ. Protective immunization of horses with a recombinant canarypox virus vectored vaccine co-expressing genes encoding the outer capsid proteins of African horse sickness virus. Vaccine 2009;27:4434–4438.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.05.044pubmed: 19490959google scholar: lookup
  31. Wernery U, Joseph S, Raghavan R, Dyer B, Spendrup S. African horse sickness fever in vaccinated horses: short communication. J Equine Vet Sci 2020;88(2020):102967.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.102967pubmed: 32303305google scholar: lookup
  32. Wk J. The purification of four strains of poxvirus. Virology 1962;18:9–18.
    doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(62)90172-1pubmed: 14036977google scholar: lookup
  33. Mirchamsy H, Taslimi H. The formation of plaques by African horse sickness viruses and factors affecting plaque size. Can J Comp Med Vet Sci 1966;30(2):47–51.
    pmc: PMC1494502pubmed: 4223699
  34. OIE. Test for sterility and freedom from contamination of biological materials intented for veterinary use. OIE, Manual of Diagnostic Test and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals. 8th ed., OIE, 109–122.
  35. Ronchi GF, Ulisse S, Rossi E, Franchi P, Armillotta G, Capista S, Peccio A, Di Ventura M, Pini A. Immunogenicity of two adjuvant formulations of an inactivated African horse sickness vaccine in guinea-pigs and target animals. 2012.
    pubmed: 22485003
  36. Mirchamsy H, Taslimi H. Inactivated African horse sickness virus cell culture vaccine. Immunology 1968;14(1):81–88.
    pmc: PMC1409248pubmed: 5635756
  37. Bahnemann HG. The inactivation of foot-and-mouth disease virus by ethylenimine and propylenimine. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B 1972;20(5):356–360.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1973.tb01136.xpubmed: 4356372google scholar: lookup
  38. Bahnemann HG. Inactivation of viral antigens for vaccine preparation with particular reference to the application of binary ethylenimine. Vaccine 1990;8(4):299–303.
    doi: 10.1016/0264-410X(90)90083-Xpmc: PMC7173316pubmed: 2204242google scholar: lookup
  39. European Commission. Commission decision of 21 February 2002 amending annex D to council directors 90/426/EEC with regard to diagnostic tests for African horse sickness. Off J Eur Communities 2002;54:37–42.
  40. Hamblin C, Graham SD, Anderson EC, Crowther JR. A competitive ELISA for the detection of group-specific antibodies to African horse sickness virus. Epidemiol Infect 1990;104:303–312.
    doi: 10.1017/S0950268800059483pmc: PMC2271754pubmed: 2108871google scholar: lookup
  41. Lelli R, Molini U, Ronchi GF, Rossi E, Franchi P, Ulisse S, Armilotta G, Capista S, Khaiseb S, Di Ventura M, Pini A. Inactivated and ajuvanated vaccine for the control of the African horse sickness virus serotype 9 infection: evaluation of efficacy in horses and Guinea-pig model. Vet Ital 2013;49(1):89–98.
    pubmed: 23564590
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,107 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.