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PLoS neglected tropical diseases2017; 11(9); e0005936; doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005936

Improved reliability of serological tools for the diagnosis of West Nile fever in horses within Europe.

Abstract: West Nile Fever is a zoonotic disease caused by a mosquito-borne flavivirus, WNV. By its clinical sensitivity to the disease, the horse is a useful sentinel of infection. Because of the virus' low-level, short-term viraemia in horses, the primary tools used to diagnose WNV are serological tests. Inter-laboratory proficiency tests (ILPTs) were held in 2010 and 2013 to evaluate WNV serological diagnostic tools suited for the European network of National Reference Laboratories (NRLs) for equine diseases. These ILPTs were designed to evaluate the laboratories' and methods' performances in detecting WNV infection in horses through serology. The detection of WNV immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies by ELISA is widely used in Europe, with 17 NRLs in 2010 and 20 NRLs in 2013 using IgG WNV assays. Thanks to the development of new commercial IgM capture kits, WNV IgM capture ELISAs were rapidly implemented in NRLs between 2010 (4 NRLs) and 2013 (13 NRLs). The use of kits allowed the quick standardisation of WNV IgG and IgM detection assays in NRLs with more than 95% (20/21) and 100% (13/13) of satisfactory results respectively in 2013. Conversely, virus neutralisation tests (VNTs) were implemented in 33% (7/21) of NRLs in 2013 and their low sensitivity was evidenced in 29% (2/7) of NRLs during this ILPT. A comparison of serological diagnostic methods highlighted the higher sensitivity of IgG ELISAs compared to WNV VNTs. They also revealed that the low specificity of IgG ELISA kits meant that it could detect animals infected with other flaviviruses. In contrast VNT and IgM ELISA assays were highly specific and did not detect antibodies against related flaviviruses. These results argue in favour of the need for and development of new, specific serological diagnostic assays that could be easily transferred to partner laboratories.
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Publication Date: 2017-09-15 PubMed ID: 28915240PubMed Central: PMC5617233DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005936Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research paper focuses on the improvement of serological diagnostic tools for diagnosing West Nile Fever in horses within Europe. The researchers conducted inter-laboratory proficiency tests in 2010 and 2013 to evaluate these diagnostic tools and found that ELISA tests for detecting specific antibodies were superior in sensitivity, though they may detect antibodies from other diseases too, suggesting a need for more specific diagnostic methods.

Introduction

  • The disease in focus is the West Nile Fever, a zoonotic disease propagated by mosquitos carrying the West Nile Virus (WNV).
  • In the context of this fever, horses serve as a useful sentinel (indicator species) for infection detection due to their clinical sensitivity.
  • The study examines and compares the capabilities of different diagnostic tools used in Europe, with a focus on serological tests, which identify illnesses by detecting antibodies in the blood.

Study & Methodology

  • The Inter-laboratory Proficiency Tests (IPLTs) were conducted in 2010 and 2013. The purpose of these examinations was to evaluate the effectiveness of the diagnostic tools used across Europe’s National Reference Laboratories (NRLs) for equine diseases.
  • These tests were designed to assess the competency of laboratories and their methods in identifying WNV infection in horses by using serology (study of serum).

Results

  • The primary way to detect WNV antibodies in Europe is through Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISAs), with 17 NRLs using it in 2010 increased to 20 in 2013.
  • New commercial kits to detect another type of antibody – WNV IgM – saw an increase in the number of NRL’s using IgM capture ELISAs from just 4 in 2010 to 13 by 2013. These kits helped in the standardization of these assays across NRLs.
  • However, Virus Neutralisation Tests (VNTs) implemented in 33% of NRLs showed low sensitivity, with almost 29% of NRLs demonstrating this problem during the 2013 test.
  • The use of ELISA kits, though highly sensitive, was also found to have low specificity as they could detect infections from other diseases, thus making their results potentially misleading.

Conclusion & Recommendations

  • After comparing different serological diagnostic methods, the study found that whereas IgG ELISAs were more sensitive than WNV VNTs, they were also likely to identify other infection from related flaviviruses due to their lack of specificity.
  • VNT and specific IgM ELISA assays displayed higher specificities and didn’t detect antibodies against related flaviviruses.
  • The study concluded that there’s a need for new, more specific, and easily transferable serological diagnostic tools for more accurate detection of West Nile Fever.

Cite This Article

APA
Beck C, Lowenski S, Durand B, Bahuon C, Zientara S, Lecollinet S. (2017). Improved reliability of serological tools for the diagnosis of West Nile fever in horses within Europe. PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 11(9), e0005936. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005936

Publication

PLoS neglected tropical diseases
ISSN: 1935-2735
NlmUniqueID: 101291488
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 11
Issue: 9
Pages: e0005936
PII: e0005936

Researcher Affiliations

Beck, Cécile
  • University Paris Est, UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, EURL on Equine Diseases, Maisons-Alfort, France.
Lowenski, Steeve
  • University Paris Est, UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, EURL on Equine Diseases, Maisons-Alfort, France.
Durand, Benoit
  • University Paris Est, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, Epidemiology Unit, Maisons-Alfort, France.
Bahuon, Céline
  • University Paris Est, UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, EURL on Equine Diseases, Maisons-Alfort, France.
Zientara, Stéphan
  • University Paris Est, UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, EURL on Equine Diseases, Maisons-Alfort, France.
Lecollinet, Sylvie
  • University Paris Est, UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, EURL on Equine Diseases, Maisons-Alfort, France.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Antibodies, Viral / blood
  • Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / standards
  • Europe / epidemiology
  • Horse Diseases / diagnosis
  • Horse Diseases / virology
  • Horses
  • Immunoglobulin G / blood
  • Immunoglobulin M / blood
  • Reagent Kits, Diagnostic
  • Reproducibility of Results
  • Sensitivity and Specificity
  • West Nile Fever / diagnosis
  • West Nile Fever / epidemiology
  • West Nile Fever / veterinary
  • West Nile Fever / virology
  • West Nile virus / immunology
  • West Nile virus / isolation & purification
  • Zoonoses

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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