FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / J Vet Sci / Inflammation affects the viability and plasticity of equine ...
Journal of veterinary science2016; 18(1); 39-49; doi: 10.4142/jvs.2017.18.1.39

Inflammation affects the viability and plasticity of equine mesenchymal stem cells: possible implications in intra-articular treatments.

Abstract: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are gaining relevance for treating equine joint injuries because of their ability to limit inflammation and stimulate regeneration. Because inflammation activates MSC immunoregulatory function, proinflammatory priming could improve MSC efficacy. However, inflammatory molecules present in synovial fluid or added to the culture medium might have deleterious effects on MSCs. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of inflammatory synovial fluid and proinflammatory cytokines priming on viability and plasticity of equine MSCs. Equine bone marrow derived MSCs (eBM-MSCs) from three animals were cultured for 72 h in media supplemented with: 20% inflammatory synovial fluid (SF); 50 ng/mL IFN-γ and TNF-α (CK50); and 20 ng/mL IFN-γ and TNF-α (CK20). Proliferation assay and expression of proliferation and apoptosis-related genes showed that SF exposed-eBM-MSCs maintained their viability, whereas the viability of CK primed-eBM-MSCs was significantly impaired. Tri-lineage differentiation assay revealed that exposure to inflammatory synovial fluid did not alter eBM-MSCs differentiation potential; however, eBM-MSCs primed with cytokines did not display osteogenic, adipogenic or chondrogenic phenotype. The inflammatory synovial environment is well tolerated by eBM-MSCs, whereas cytokine priming negatively affects the viability and differentiation abilities of eBM-MSCs, which might limit their in vivo efficacy.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2016-06-15 PubMed ID: 27297420PubMed Central: PMC5366301DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2017.18.1.39Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This study explores how inflammation affects the survival and the ability of equine mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to change, with a focus on the implications for treatments inside the joints. The research found that an inflammatory joint environment is tolerable for equine MSCs, but priming with inflammatory substances can harm these stem cells, potentially limiting their effectiveness in treatment.

Introduction

  • The research focuses on understanding the impact of inflammation on equine Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs). MSCs are important in treating joint injuries in horses due to their ability to control inflammation and stimulate tissue regeneration.
  • The role of inflammation is paradoxical. On one hand, it is known to trigger the immunoregulatory function of MSCs, suggesting that ‘priming’ the cells with proinflammatory substances might enhance their therapeutic efficacy. On the other hand, inflammatory substances in the joint fluid or those added to the cells’ culture environment might be harmful to the MSCs. This forms the crux of the research problem.

Methodology

  • The study used equine MSCs sourced from bone marrow (eBM-MSCs) and cultured them for 72 hours in different conditions to assess how MSC behavior is affected.
  • Some MSCs were exposed to 20% inflammatory synovial fluid (SF), while others were primed with 50 ng/mL or 20 ng/mL of two pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ and TNF-α, labelled as CK50 and CK20 respectively).
  • The researchers conducted cell proliferation assays and gene expression studies to evaluate the impact on cell viability. They also carried out differentiation assays to check the ability of MSCs to transform into different cell types – a crucial aspect of their regeneration-promoting function.

Findings

  • The research found that MSCs exposed to the inflammatory SF maintained their viability, indicating that they can survive in an inflamed joint environment.
  • However, MSCs primed with cytokines (both CK50 and CK20) showed significantly reduced viability – a finding that challenges the idea that proinflammatory priming could enhance MSC efficacy in treating inflammatory joint problems.
  • While SF exposure did not alter the MSCs’ ability to differentiate into multiple lineages, the cytokines-primed MSCs failed to show osteogenic, adipogenic, or chondrogenic phenotype – severely undermining their potential therapeutic value for joint injuries.

Implication

  • The study suggests that while MSCs can survive in an inflamed joint microenvironment, the use of proinflammatory priming with cytokines might have a detrimental effect on their survival and therapeutic potential. This impacts the approach to MSC-based therapy for equine joint injuries.

Cite This Article

APA
Barrachina L, Remacha AR, Romero A, Vázquez FJ, Albareda J, Prades M, Ranera B, Zaragoza P, Martín-Burriel I, Rodellar C. (2016). Inflammation affects the viability and plasticity of equine mesenchymal stem cells: possible implications in intra-articular treatments. J Vet Sci, 18(1), 39-49. https://doi.org/10.4142/jvs.2017.18.1.39

Publication

Journal of veterinary science
ISSN: 1976-555X
NlmUniqueID: 100964185
Country: Korea (South)
Language: English
Volume: 18
Issue: 1
Pages: 39-49

Researcher Affiliations

Barrachina, Laura
  • Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics LAGENBIO, Veterinary Hospital, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain.
  • Service of Equine Surgery and Medicine, Veterinary Hospital, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain.
Remacha, Ana Rosa
  • Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics LAGENBIO, Veterinary Hospital, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain.
Romero, Antonio
  • Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics LAGENBIO, Veterinary Hospital, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain.
  • Service of Equine Surgery and Medicine, Veterinary Hospital, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain.
Vázquez, Francisco José
  • Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics LAGENBIO, Veterinary Hospital, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain.
  • Service of Equine Surgery and Medicine, Veterinary Hospital, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain.
Albareda, Jorge
  • Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics LAGENBIO, Veterinary Hospital, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain.
  • Service of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, University Clinical Hospital Lozano Blesa, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
Prades, Marta
  • Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics LAGENBIO, Veterinary Hospital, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain.
  • Service of Equine Surgery, Veterinary Hospital, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
Ranera, Beatriz
  • Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics LAGENBIO, Veterinary Hospital, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain.
Zaragoza, Pilar
  • Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics LAGENBIO, Veterinary Hospital, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain.
Martín-Burriel, Inmaculada
  • Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics LAGENBIO, Veterinary Hospital, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain.
Rodellar, Clementina
  • Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics LAGENBIO, Veterinary Hospital, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Horse Diseases / immunology
  • Horse Diseases / metabolism
  • Horses
  • Inflammation / immunology
  • Inflammation / metabolism
  • Inflammation / veterinary
  • Injections, Intra-Articular / veterinary
  • Interferon-gamma / metabolism
  • Male
  • Mesenchymal Stem Cells / cytology
  • Synovial Fluid / cytology
  • Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / metabolism

Conflict of Interest Statement

Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

This article includes 39 references
  1. Basile RC, Ferraz GC, Carvalho MP, Albernaz RM, Araújo RA, Fagliari JJ, Queiroz-Neto A. Physiological concentrations of acute-phase proteins and immunoglobulins in equine synovial fluid.. J Equine Vet Sci 2013;33:201–204.
  2. Casella S, Fazio F, Giannetto C, Giudice E, Piccione G. Influence of transportation on serum concentrations of acute phase proteins in horse.. Res Vet Sci 2012;93:914–917.
    pubmed: 22296939
  3. Cellular Tissue and Gene Therapies Advisory Committee. Cellular products for joint surface repair.. Briefing document of the 38th Meeting of Cellular, Tissue, and Gene Therapies Advisory Committee; 3-4 March 2005; Silver Spring, USA.
  4. Cortez M, Carmo LS, Rogero MM, Borelli P, Fock RA. A high-fat diet increases IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α production by increasing NF-κB and attenuating PPAR-γ expression in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells.. Inflammation 2013;36:379–386.
    pubmed: 23079940
  5. Cuerquis J, Romieu-Mourez R, François M, Routy JP, Young YK, Zhao J, Eliopoulos N. Human mesenchymal stromal cells transiently increase cytokine production by activated T cells before suppressing T-cell proliferation: effect of interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α stimulation.. Cytotherapy 2014;16:191–202.
    pubmed: 24438900
  6. Dighe AS, Yang S, Madhu V, Balian G, Cui Q. Interferon gamma and T cells inhibit osteogenesis induced by allogeneic mesenchymal stromal cells.. J Orthop Res 2013;31:227–234.
    pmc: PMC3510319pubmed: 22886855
  7. Ding J, Ghali O, Lencel P, Broux O, Chauveau C, Devedjian JC, Hardouin P, Magne D. TNF-α and IL-1β inhibit RUNX2 and collagen expression but increase alkaline phosphatase activity and mineralization in human mesenchymal stem cells.. Life Sci 2009;84:499–504.
    pubmed: 19302812
  8. Ferris DJ, Frisbie DD, Kisiday JD, McIlwraith CW, Hague BA, Major MD, Schneider RK, Zubrod CJ, Kawcak CE, Goodrich LR. Clinical outcome after intra-articular administration of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells in 33 horses with stifle injury.. Vet Surg 2014;43:255–265.
    pubmed: 24433318
  9. Gilbert L, He X, Farmer P, Rubin J, Drissi H, van Wijnen AJ, Lian JB, Stein GS, Nanes MS. Expression of the osteoblast differentiation factor RUNX2 (Cbfa1/AML3/Pebp2αA) is inhibited by tumor necrosis factor-α.. J Biol Chem 2002;277:2695–2701.
    pubmed: 11723115
  10. Gilbert LC, Rubin J, Nanes MS. The p55 TNF receptor mediates TNF inhibition of osteoblast differentiation independently of apoptosis.. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2005;288:E1011–E1018.
    pubmed: 15625085
  11. Goodrich LR, Nixon AJ. Medical treatment of osteoarthritis in the horse - a review.. Vet J 2006;171:51–69.
    pubmed: 16427582
  12. Hegewald AA, Ringe J, Bartel J, Krüger I, Notter M, Barnewitz D, Kaps C, Sittinger M. Hyaluronic acid and autologous synovial fluid induce chondrogenic differentiation of equine mesenchymal stem cells: a preliminary study.. Tissue Cell 2004;36:431–438.
    pubmed: 15533458
  13. Hotchkiss RS, Strasser A, McDunn JE, Swanson PE. Cell death.. N Engl J Med 2009;361:1570–1583.
    pmc: PMC3760419pubmed: 19828534
  14. Jacobsen S, Thomsen MH, Nanni S. Concentrations of serum amyloid A in serum and synovial fluid from healthy horses and horses with joint disease.. Am J Vet Res 2006;67:1738–1742.
    pubmed: 17014325
  15. Kolm G, Klein D, Knapp E, Watanabe K, Walter I. Lactoferrin expression in the horse endometrium: relevance in persisting mating-induced endometritis.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006;114:159–167.
    pubmed: 16973221
  16. Krüger JP, Endres M, Neumann K, Stuhlmüller B, Morawietz L, Häupl T, Kaps C. Chondrogenic differentiation of human subchondral progenitor cells is affected by synovial fluid from donors with osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis.. J Orthop Surg Res 2012;7:10.
    pmc: PMC3349532pubmed: 22414301
  17. Lacey DC, Simmons PJ, Graves SE, Hamilton JA. Proinflammatory cytokines inhibit osteogenic differentiation from stem cells: implications for bone repair during inflammation.. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2009;17:735–742.
    pubmed: 19136283
  18. Leijs MJC, van Buul GM, Lubberts E, Bos PK, Verhaar JAN, Hoogduijn MJ, van Osch GJVM. Effect of arthritic synovial fluids on the expression of immunomodulatory factors by mesenchymal stem cells: an explorative in vitro study.. Front Immunol 2012;3:231.
    pmc: PMC3410447pubmed: 22876244
  19. Liu X, Xu Y, Chen S, Tan Z, Xiong K, Li Y, Ye Y, Luo ZP, He F, Gong Y. Rescue of proinflammatory cytokine-inhibited chondrogenesis by the antiarthritic effect of melatonin in synovium mesenchymal stem cells via suppression of reactive oxygen species and matrix metalloproteinases.. Free Radic Biol Med 2014;68:234–246.
    pubmed: 24374373
  20. Liu Y, Wang L, Kikuiri T, Akiyama K, Chen C, Xu X, Yang R, Chen W, Wang S, Shi S. Mesenchymal stem cell-based tissue regeneration is governed by recipient T lymphocytes via IFN-γ and TNF-α.. Nat Med 2011;17:1594–1601.
    pmc: PMC3233650pubmed: 22101767
  21. Ma S, Xie N, Li W, Yuan B, Shi Y, Wang Y. Immunobiology of mesenchymal stem cells.. Cell Death Differ 2014;21:216–225.
    pmc: PMC3890955pubmed: 24185619
  22. Mountziaris PM, Tzouanas SN, Mikos AG. Dose effect of tumor necrosis factor-α on in vitro osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells on biodegradable polymeric microfiber scaffolds.. Biomaterials 2010;31:1666–1675.
    pmc: PMC2813987pubmed: 19963268
  23. Murakami S, Lefebvre V, de Crombrugghe B. Potent inhibition of the master chondrogenic factor Sox9 gene by interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-α.. J Biol Chem 2000;275:3687–3692.
    pubmed: 10652367
  24. Nanes MS, McKoy WM, Marx SJ. Inhibitory effects of tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ on deoxyribonucleic acid and collagen synthesis by rat osteosarcoma cells (ROS 17/2.8). Endocrinology 1989;124:339–345.
    pubmed: 2491807
  25. Ogueta S, Muñoz J, Obregon E, Delgado-Baeza E, García-Ruiz JP. Prolactin is a component of the human synovial liquid and modulates the growth and chondrogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells.. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2002;190:51–63.
    pubmed: 11997178
  26. Paterson YZ, Rash N, Garvican ER, Paillot R, Guest DJ. Equine mesenchymal stromal cells and embryo-derived stem cells are immune privileged in vitro.. Stem Cell Res Ther 2014;5:90.
    pmc: PMC4247727pubmed: 25080326
  27. Ranera B, Lyahyai J, Romero A, Vázquez FJ, Remacha AR, Bernal ML, Zaragoza P, Rodellar C, Martín-Burriel I. Immunophenotype and gene expression profiles of cell surface markers of mesenchymal stem cells derived from equine bone marrow and adipose tissue.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011;144:147–154.
    pubmed: 21782255
  28. Ranera B, Ordovás L, Lyahyai J, Bernal ML, Fernandes F, Remacha AR, Romero A, Vázquez FJ, Osta R, Cons C, Varona L, Zaragoza P, Martín-Burriel I, Rodellar C. Comparative study of equine bone marrow and adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal cells.. Equine Vet J 2012;44:33–42.
    pubmed: 21668489
  29. Ren G, Zhang L, Zhao X, Xu G, Zhang Y, Roberts AI, Zhao RC, Shi Y. Mesenchymal stem cell-mediated immunosuppression occurs via concerted action of chemokines and nitric oxide.. Cell Stem Cell 2008;2:141–150.
    pubmed: 18371435
  30. Ren G, Zhao X, Zhang L, Zhang J, L'Huillier A, Ling W, Roberts AI, Le AD, Shi S, Shao C, Shi Y. Inflammatory cytokine-induced intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in mesenchymal stem cells are critical for immunosuppression.. J Immunol 2010;184:2321–2328.
    pmc: PMC2881946pubmed: 20130212
  31. Roberts S, Genever P, McCaskie A, De Bari C. Prospects of stem cell therapy in osteoarthritis.. Regen Med 2011;6:351–366.
    pubmed: 21548740
  32. Schlueter AE, Orth MW. Equine osteoarthritis: a brief review of the disease and its causes.. Equine Comp Exerc Physiol 2004;1:221–231.
  33. Shahdadfar A, Frønsdal K, Haug T, Reinholt FP, Brinchmann JE. In vitro expansion of human mesenchymal stem cells: choice of serum is a determinant of cell proliferation, differentiation, gene expression, and transcriptome stability.. Stem Cells 2005;23:1357–1366.
    pubmed: 16081661
  34. Son TW, Yun SP, Yong MS, Seo BN, Ryu JM, Youn HY, Oh YM, Han HJ. Netrin-1 protects hypoxia-induced mitochondrial apoptosis through HSP27 expression via DCC- and integrin α6β4-dependent Akt, GSK-3β, and HSF-1 in mesenchymal stem cells.. Cell Death Dis 2013;4:e563.
    pmc: PMC3615739pubmed: 23538444
  35. van Buul GM, Villafuertes E, Bos PK, Waarsing JH, Kops N, Narcisi R, Weinans H, Verhaar JAN, Bernsen MR, van Osch GJVM. Mesenchymal stem cells secrete factors that inhibit inflammatory processes in short-term osteoarthritic synovium and cartilage explant culture.. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2012;20:1186–1196.
    pubmed: 22771777
  36. Vane JR, Bakhle YS, Botting RM. Cyclooxygenases 1 and 2.. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 1998;38:97–120.
    pubmed: 9597150
  37. Vézina Audette R, Lavoie-Lamoureux A, Lavoie JP, Laverty S. Inflammatory stimuli differentially modulate the transcription of paracrine signaling molecules of equine bone marrow multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells.. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2013;21:1116–1124.
    pubmed: 23685224
  38. Wang L, Zhao Y, Liu Y, Akiyama K, Chen C, Qu C, Jin Y, Shi S. IFN-γ and TNF-α synergistically induce mesenchymal stem cell impairment and tumorigenesis via NFκB signaling.. Stem Cells 2013;31:1383–1395.
    pmc: PMC3706580pubmed: 23553791
  39. Zimmermann JA, McDevitt TC. Pre-conditioning mesenchymal stromal cell spheroids for immunomodulatory paracrine factor secretion.. Cytotherapy 2014;16:331–345.
    pubmed: 24219905

Citations

This article has been cited 17 times.
  1. Ye H, Luo H, He Q, Wang Z, Liu X, Liu Z, Xu G, Qi F, Wei Z. Personalized human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosome pre-treatment based on the simulation of scar microenvironment characteristics: a promising approach for early scar treatment. Mol Biol Rep 2025 Jul 23;52(1):747.
    doi: 10.1007/s11033-025-10794-8pubmed: 40699397google scholar: lookup
  2. Zhou X, Liu J, Wu F, Mao J, Wang Y, Zhu J, Hong K, Xie H, Li B, Qiu X, Xiao X, Wen C. The application potential of iMSCs and iMSC-EVs in diseases. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024;12:1434465.
    doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1434465pubmed: 39135947google scholar: lookup
  3. Choppa VSR, Liu G, Tompkins YH, Kim WK. Altered Osteogenic Differentiation in Mesenchymal Stem Cells Isolated from Compact Bone of Chicken Treated with Varying Doses of Lipopolysaccharides. Biomolecules 2023 Nov 7;13(11).
    doi: 10.3390/biom13111626pubmed: 38002308google scholar: lookup
  4. Jammes M, Contentin R, Audigié F, Cassé F, Galéra P. Effect of pro-inflammatory cytokine priming and storage temperature of the mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) secretome on equine articular chondrocytes. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023;11:1204737.
    doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1204737pubmed: 37720315google scholar: lookup
  5. Jammes M, Contentin R, Cassé F, Galéra P. Equine osteoarthritis: Strategies to enhance mesenchymal stromal cell-based acellular therapies. Front Vet Sci 2023;10:1115774.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1115774pubmed: 36846261google scholar: lookup
  6. Tan L, Liu X, Dou H, Hou Y. Characteristics and regulation of mesenchymal stem cell plasticity by the microenvironment - specific factors involved in the regulation of MSC plasticity. Genes Dis 2022 Mar;9(2):296-309.
    doi: 10.1016/j.gendis.2020.10.006pubmed: 35224147google scholar: lookup
  7. Yue D, Du L, Zhang B, Wu H, Yang Q, Wang M, Pan J. Time-dependently Appeared Microenvironmental Changes and Mechanism after Cartilage or Joint Damage and the Influences on Cartilage Regeneration. Organogenesis 2021 Oct 2;17(3-4):85-99.
    doi: 10.1080/15476278.2021.1991199pubmed: 34806543google scholar: lookup
  8. Harman RM, Marx C, Van de Walle GR. Translational Animal Models Provide Insight Into Mesenchymal Stromal Cell (MSC) Secretome Therapy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021;9:654885.
    doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.654885pubmed: 33869217google scholar: lookup
  9. Bertoni L, Jacquet-Guibon S, Branly T, Desancé M, Legendre F, Melin M, Rivory P, Hartmann DJ, Schmutz A, Denoix JM, Demoor M, Audigié F, Galéra P. Evaluation of Allogeneic Bone-Marrow-Derived and Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Prevent the Development of Osteoarthritis in An Equine Model. Int J Mol Sci 2021 Mar 2;22(5).
    doi: 10.3390/ijms22052499pubmed: 33801461google scholar: lookup
  10. Dunham C, Havlioglu N, Chamberlain A, Lake S, Meyer G. Adipose stem cells exhibit mechanical memory and reduce fibrotic contracture in a rat elbow injury model. FASEB J 2020 Sep;34(9):12976-12990.
    doi: 10.1096/fj.202001274Rpubmed: 33411380google scholar: lookup
  11. Cifù A, Domenis R, Pozzi-Mucelli M, Di Benedetto P, Causero A, Moretti M, Stevanato M, Pistis C, Parodi PC, Fabris M, Curcio F. The Exposure to Osteoarthritic Synovial Fluid Enhances the Immunomodulatory Profile of Adipose Mesenchymal Stem Cell Secretome. Stem Cells Int 2020;2020:4058760.
    doi: 10.1155/2020/4058760pubmed: 32733572google scholar: lookup
  12. Zhang C, Gullbrand SE, Schaer TP, Lau YK, Jiang Z, Dodge GR, Elliott DM, Mauck RL, Malhotra NR, Smith LJ. Inflammatory cytokine and catabolic enzyme expression in a goat model of intervertebral disc degeneration. J Orthop Res 2020 Nov;38(11):2521-2531.
    doi: 10.1002/jor.24639pubmed: 32091156google scholar: lookup
  13. MacDonald ES, Barrett JG. The Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Treat Systemic Inflammation in Horses. Front Vet Sci 2019;6:507.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00507pubmed: 32039250google scholar: lookup
  14. Rodas G, Soler R, Balius R, Alomar X, Peirau X, Alberca M, Sánchez A, Sancho JG, Rodellar C, Romero A, Masci L, Orozco L, Maffulli N. Autologous bone marrow expanded mesenchymal stem cells in patellar tendinopathy: protocol for a phase I/II, single-centre, randomized with active control PRP, double-blinded clinical trial. J Orthop Surg Res 2019 Dec 16;14(1):441.
    doi: 10.1186/s13018-019-1477-2pubmed: 31842921google scholar: lookup
  15. Bertoni L, Branly T, Jacquet S, Desancé M, Desquilbet L, Rivory P, Hartmann DJ, Denoix JM, Audigié F, Galéra P, Demoor M. Intra-Articular Injection of 2 Different Dosages of Autologous and Allogeneic Bone Marrow- and Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Triggers a Variable Inflammatory Response of the Fetlock Joint on 12 Sound Experimental Horses. Stem Cells Int 2019;2019:9431894.
    doi: 10.1155/2019/9431894pubmed: 31191689google scholar: lookup
  16. Barrachina L, Remacha AR, Romero A, Vitoria A, Albareda J, Prades M, Roca M, Zaragoza P, Vázquez FJ, Rodellar C. Assessment of effectiveness and safety of repeat administration of proinflammatory primed allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells in an equine model of chemically induced osteoarthritis. BMC Vet Res 2018 Aug 17;14(1):241.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-018-1556-3pubmed: 30119668google scholar: lookup
  17. Reesink HL, Sutton RM, Shurer CR, Peterson RP, Tan JS, Su J, Paszek MJ, Nixon AJ. Galectin-1 and galectin-3 expression in equine mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), synovial fibroblasts and chondrocytes, and the effect of inflammation on MSC motility. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017 Nov 2;8(1):243.
    doi: 10.1186/s13287-017-0691-2pubmed: 29096716google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,357 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.