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Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2026; 16(13); 1994; doi: 10.3390/ani16131994

Inhaled Corticosteroids Influence Pulmonary Microbiota in Severe Equine Asthma.

Abstract: The use of inhaled corticosteroids (ICs) could influence the respiratory microbiota. In animals with asthma it is, however, difficult to separate the immunomodulatory effects of ICs from their indirect effects via improvement of ventilation. Our objective was to determine if ICs alter the pulmonary microbiota independently from their effects on lung function, using a blinded, controlled trial in an experimental model of asthma exacerbation in horses. We treated horses with severe asthma with either bronchodilators alone, or in combination with ICs. Twelve horses in exacerbation received long-acting β2-agonist (LABA, salmeterol) or ICs/LABA (fluticasone/salmeterol) by inhalation, for 2 weeks. Lung function and bronchoalveolar lavages (BAL) were performed before and after treatment. gene quantification and sequencing were performed on BAL fluid, using digital droplet PCR and the Illumina MiSeq platform. Data were processed using the software package mothur v. 1.44.2. In the LABA group, pulmonary bacterial load and the relative abundance of Actinobacteria and Verrucomicrobia phyla decreased with treatment ( < 0.05 for both), and β-diversity differed from baseline ( = 0.007). The relative abundance of families and genera belonging to the Bacteroidetes phylum increased with ICs/LABA ( < 0.05). Lung function significantly improved with both treatments, suggesting that treatment-related differences in pulmonary microbiota could be attributed in part to medication, not solely to change in ventilation. However, it is not clear if these changes are positive or detrimental to the lung environment. Furthermore, lung function following treatment was not perfectly identical between groups.
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Publication Date: 2026-06-28 PubMed ID: 42450701PubMed Central: PMC13359710DOI: 10.3390/ani16131994Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Research Overview

  • This study investigated whether inhaled corticosteroids (ICs) directly affect the lung microbiota in horses with severe asthma, independent of the improvements in lung function caused by the medication.
  • Using a controlled trial, researchers compared the effects of bronchodilators alone to a combination of inhaled corticosteroids and bronchodilators on the pulmonary microbiota and lung function during asthma exacerbations.

Background and Objective

  • Inhaled corticosteroids are commonly used to treat asthma by reducing inflammation, but they may also influence the respiratory microbiota (the community of microorganisms in the lungs).
  • Separating the direct effects of ICs on the microbiota from indirect effects caused by improved ventilation (lung function) is challenging in asthma patients.
  • The main objective was to determine if ICs alter lung microbiota independently from their effects on lung function, using horses with experimentally induced severe asthma exacerbation as a model.

Methods

  • Subjects: 12 horses with severe asthma during exacerbation phases.
  • Treatment groups:
    • Bronchodilator alone – long-acting β2-agonist (LABA, salmeterol).
    • Combination therapy – inhaled corticosteroid plus bronchodilator (fluticasone/salmeterol, ICs/LABA).
  • Treatment duration: 2 weeks, administered via inhalation.
  • Measurements:
    • Lung function testing conducted before and after treatment.
    • Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) sampled for microbial analysis before and after treatment.
    • Microbial analysis:
      • Quantification of bacterial load using digital droplet PCR.
      • Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene using the Illumina MiSeq platform.
      • Data analysis with mothur software to evaluate microbial community structure and diversity.

Key Findings

  • In the LABA (bronchodilator-only) group:
    • Decrease in pulmonary bacterial load after treatment.
    • Reduced relative abundance of the phyla Actinobacteria and Verrucomicrobia (significant at p < 0.05).
    • Significant changes in β-diversity (diversity between microbial communities) compared to baseline (p = 0.007).
  • In the ICs/LABA (combination) group:
    • Relative abundance of bacterial families and genera within the Bacteroidetes phylum increased after treatment (significant at p < 0.05).
  • Lung function improved significantly in both treatment groups, confirming medication efficacy on respiratory mechanics.
  • Differences in pulmonary microbiota changes suggest that ICs influence microbial populations independently of improvements in ventilation.
  • However, the specific clinical impact of these microbial changes—whether beneficial or harmful—remains unclear.
  • It is noted that lung function post-treatment was not exactly the same between the groups, which may influence interpretations.

Conclusion and Implications

  • This study provides evidence that inhaled corticosteroids can directly alter the composition of the lung microbiota in severe equine asthma beyond just improving lung function.
  • The observed shifts in microbial populations raise questions about the implications for lung health—whether these changes promote a healthier microbial environment or pose risks requires further research.
  • The results emphasize the complexity of asthma therapy effects, adding the microbiota as a potentially important factor influenced by treatment.
  • Future studies should aim to clarify the functional consequences of these microbial alterations and explore their relevance in other species including humans.

Cite This Article

APA
Manguin E, Dickson RP, Jamon J, Dubuc V, Leclère M. (2026). Inhaled Corticosteroids Influence Pulmonary Microbiota in Severe Equine Asthma. Animals (Basel), 16(13), 1994. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16131994

Publication

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 16
Issue: 13
PII: 1994

Researcher Affiliations

Manguin, Estelle
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada.
Dickson, Robert P
  • Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
Jamon, Juliette
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada.
Dubuc, Valérie
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada.
Leclère, Mathilde
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada.

Grant Funding

  • 06090 / Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.

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