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PloS one2016; 11(12); e0167108; doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167108

Intense Exercise and Aerobic Conditioning Associated with Chromium or L-Carnitine Supplementation Modified the Fecal Microbiota of Fillies.

Abstract: Recent studies performed in humans and rats have reported that exercise can alter the intestinal microbiota. Athletic horses perform intense exercise regularly, but studies characterizing horse microbiome during aerobic conditioning programs are still limited. Evidence has indicated that this microbial community is involved in the metabolic homeostasis of the host. Research on ergogenic substances using new sequencing technologies have been limited to the intestinal microbiota and there is a considerable demand for scientific studies that verify the effectiveness of these supplements in horses. L-carnitine and chromium are potentially ergogenic substances for athletic humans and horses since they are possibly able to modify the metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids. This study aimed to assess the impact of acute exercise and aerobic conditioning, associated either with L-carnitine or chromium supplementation, on the intestinal microbiota of fillies. Twelve "Mangalarga Marchador" fillies in the incipient fitness stage were distributed into four groups: control (no exercise), exercise, L-carnitine (10g/day) and chelated chromium (10mg/day). In order to investigate the impact of acute exercise or aerobic conditioning on fecal microbiota all fillies undergoing the conditioning program were analyzed as a separate treatment. The fillies underwent two incremental exercise tests before and after training on a treadmill for 42 days at 70-80% of the lactate threshold intensity. Fecal samples were obtained before and 48 h after acute exercise (incremental exercise test). Bacterial populations were characterized by sequencing the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene using the MiSeq Illumina platform, and 5,224,389 sequences were obtained from 48 samples. The results showed that, overall, the two most abundant phyla were Firmicutes (50.22%) followed by Verrucomicrobia (15.13%). The taxa with the highest relative abundances were unclassified Clostridiales (17.06%) and "5 genus incertae sedis" from the phylum Verrucomicrobia (12.98%). There was a decrease in the phylum Chlamydiae and in the genus Mycobacterium after the second incremental exercise test. Intense exercise changed the community's structure and aerobic conditioning was associated with changes in the composition and structure of the intestinal bacterial population of fillies. The intra-group comparison showed that chromium or L-carnitine induced moderate changes in the fecal microbiota of fillies, but the microbiota did not differ from the control group, which was exercised with no supplementation. Fecal pH correlated positively with Simpson's index, while plasma pH correlated negatively. Our results show that exercise and aerobic conditioning can change in the microbiota and provide a basis for further studies enrolling a larger number of horses at different fitness levels to better understand the effects of exercise and training on the intestinal microbiota of horses.
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Publication Date: 2016-12-09 PubMed ID: 27935992PubMed Central: PMC5147854DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167108Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This study investigated the effects of intense exercise and aerobic conditioning, along with the supplementation of chromium or L-carnitine, on the gut microbiota of young female horses. The researchers found that exercise and conditioning can change the structure and composition of the gut bacteria in these horses, suggesting that these changes can potentially affect their metabolic health and their ability to process and use nutrients.

Background and Objectives

  • The study begins by acknowledging the influence of exercise on intestinal microbiota in humans and rats, and the consequent effects it could potentially have on metabolic homeostasis. Despite this, similar research on horses is still inadequate.
  • The researchers aim to investigate the effect of acute exercise and aerobic conditioning, in conjunction with chromium or L-carnitine supplementation, on the gut microbiota of young female horses, also called fillies. The motivation behind this is the understanding that these supplements may help modify carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in athletic humans and horses.

Methodology

  • Twelve fillies at the beginning stages of fitness were divided into four groups. The control group did not undergo any exercise, while the other groups underwent exercise with and without the addition of L-carnitine (10g/day) or chelated chromium (10mg/day).
  • The exercise regimen, spanning over 42 days, involved the use of a treadmill set at 70-80% of the lactate threshold intensity.
  • Fecal samples were collected before and 48 hours after acute exercise bouts (incremental exercise test), and subsequently analyzed using the MiSeq Illumina platform for bacterial population characterization.

Results and Findings

  • The analysis of the bacterial population showed the dominance of Firmicutes (50.22%) followed by Verrucomicrobia (15.13%). The most abundant taxa found were unclassified Clostridiales (17.06%) and “5 genus incertae sedis” from the phylum Verrucomicrobia (12.98%).
  • Upon the second incremental exercise test, there was a decrease in the phylum Chlamydiae and in the genus Mycobacterium.
  • The study also found that intense exercise initiated changes in the community’s structure and aerobic conditioning led to alterations in the composition and structure of the intestinal bacterial population of fillies.
  • Intra-group comparison showed moderate changes in the fecal microbiota of fillies supplemented with chromium or L-carnitine, but these changes weren’t significantly different from the control group.
  • The study found a positive correlation between fecal pH and Simpson’s index, a measure of diversity in the microbial community, and a negative correlation with plasma pH.

Conclusions

  • These results corroborate the initial hypothesis that exercise and aerobic conditioning can prompt changes in the microbiota, thus influencing the metabolic health of the horses.
  • However, the authors advocate for additional studies with larger number of horses at varying fitness levels to better understand the effects of exercise, conditioning, and supplementation on the intestinal microbiota of horses.

Cite This Article

APA
Almeida ML, Feringer WH, Carvalho JR, Rodrigues IM, Jordão LR, Fonseca MG, Carneiro de Rezende AS, de Queiroz Neto A, Weese JS, Costa MC, Lemos EG, Ferraz GC. (2016). Intense Exercise and Aerobic Conditioning Associated with Chromium or L-Carnitine Supplementation Modified the Fecal Microbiota of Fillies. PLoS One, 11(12), e0167108. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0167108

Publication

PloS one
ISSN: 1932-6203
NlmUniqueID: 101285081
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 11
Issue: 12
Pages: e0167108
PII: e0167108

Researcher Affiliations

Almeida, Maria Luiza Mendes de
  • Department of Technology, Faculdades de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Laboratório de Bioquímica de Microrganismos e Plantas, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
Feringer, Walter Heinz
  • Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Faculdades de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Laboratório de Farmacologia e Fisiologia do Exercício Equino (LAFEQ), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
Carvalho, Júlia Ribeiro Garcia
  • Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Faculdades de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Laboratório de Farmacologia e Fisiologia do Exercício Equino (LAFEQ), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
Rodrigues, Isadora Mestriner
  • Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Faculdades de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Laboratório de Farmacologia e Fisiologia do Exercício Equino (LAFEQ), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
Jordão, Lilian Rezende
  • Department of Animal Sciences, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
Fonseca, Mayara Gonçalves
  • Department of Animal Sciences, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
Carneiro de Rezende, Adalgiza Souza
  • Department of Animal Sciences, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
de Queiroz Neto, Antonio
  • Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Faculdades de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Laboratório de Farmacologia e Fisiologia do Exercício Equino (LAFEQ), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
Weese, J Scott
  • Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
Costa, Márcio Carvalho da
  • Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
Lemos, Eliana Gertrudes de Macedo
  • Department of Technology, Faculdades de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Laboratório de Bioquímica de Microrganismos e Plantas, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
Ferraz, Guilherme de Camargo
  • Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Faculdades de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Laboratório de Farmacologia e Fisiologia do Exercício Equino (LAFEQ), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.

MeSH Terms

  • Aerobiosis
  • Animals
  • Aspartate Aminotransferases / blood
  • Bacteria / classification
  • Bacteria / genetics
  • Carnitine / administration & dosage
  • Carnitine / pharmacology
  • Chromium / administration & dosage
  • Chromium / pharmacology
  • Creatine Kinase / blood
  • Dietary Supplements
  • Feces / microbiology
  • Female
  • Firmicutes / classification
  • Firmicutes / genetics
  • Horses
  • Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
  • Lactates / blood
  • Oxygen Consumption / physiology
  • Physical Conditioning, Animal / physiology
  • Principal Component Analysis
  • RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / genetics
  • Sequence Analysis, DNA
  • Time Factors
  • Verrucomicrobia / classification
  • Verrucomicrobia / genetics

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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