Japanese encephalitis.
Abstract: Japanese encephalitis (JE) is an inflammation of the central nervous system in humans and animals, specifically horses and cattle. The disease, which can sometimes be fatal, is caused by the flavivirus Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), of which there are five genotypes (genotypes 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5). The transmission cycle of the virus involves pigs and wild birds as virus amplifiers and mosquitoes as vectors for transferring the virus between amplifying hosts and to dead- end hosts, i.e. humans, horses and cattle. In horses and cattle the disease is usually asymptomatic, but when clinical signs do occur they include fever, decreased appetite, frothing at the mouth, rigidity of the legs and recumbency, and neurological signs, such as convulsive fits, circling, marked depression and disordered consciousness. In pigs, it can cause abortion and stillbirths. At present, the virus is detected in a wide area covering eastern and southern Asia, Indonesia, northern Australia, Papua New Guinea and Pakistan. JEV RNA has also been detected in Italy, first in dead birds in 1997 and 2000 and then in mosquitoes in 2010. Genotype shift, i.e. a change of genotype from genotype 3 to genotype 1, has occurred in some countries, namely Japan, South Korea, Chinese Taipei and Vietnam. Laboratory methods are available for confirming the causative agent of the disease. There are control measures to prevent or minimise infection and, among them, vaccination is one of the most important and one which should be adopted in endemic and epidemic areas.
Publication Date: 2015-11-26 PubMed ID: 26601447DOI: 10.20506/rst.34.2.2370Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Journal Article
Summary
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This research article focusses on Japanese encephalitis, a potentially fatal disease that affects the central nervous system of humans and animals. The paper examines the disease’s cause, transmission, signs, distribution, and available control measures, including crucial vaccinations.
About Japanese Encephalitis
- Japanese encephalitis (JE) is an inflammatory disease that affects the central nervous system in both humans and animals, specifically horses and cattle.
- The condition is caused by the flavivirus Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), which includes five genotypes (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5).
- Although the disease can sometimes lead to death, it usually goes unnoticed in horses and cattle. However, when clinical signs do manifest, they include fever, decreased appetite, frothing at the mouth, leg rigidity, recumbency, and neurological signs.
- In pigs, the virus can trigger abortion and stillbirths.
Transmission and Distribution of the Disease
- The transmission cycle involves pigs and wild birds, which serve as virus amplifiers, and mosquitoes, which act as vectors in transferring the virus between amplifying hosts and to ‘dead-end’ hosts like humans, horses, and cattle.
- Currently, the disease’s prevalence stretches across eastern and southern Asia, Indonesia, northern Australia, Papua New Guinea, and Pakistan. JEV RNA has also been detected in Italy.
- The article notes a genotype shift, where the dominant genotype has switched from genotype 3 to genotype 1 in countries including Japan, South Korea, Chinese Taipei, and Vietnam.
Laboratory Diagnosis and Control Measures
- Laboratory methods for confirming the causative agent of the disease are readily available.
- The article underscores the importance of control measures such as vaccination in preventing or minimizing infection, particularly in areas where the disease is endemic or epidemic.
Cite This Article
APA
Morita K, Nabeshima T, Buerano CC.
(2015).
Japanese encephalitis.
Rev Sci Tech, 34(2), 441-452.
https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.34.2.2370 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Culex / virology
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese
- Encephalitis, Japanese / epidemiology
- Encephalitis, Japanese / prevention & control
- Encephalitis, Japanese / transmission
- Encephalitis, Japanese / virology
- Genome, Viral
- Humans
- Insect Vectors
- Zoonoses
Citations
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