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Vaccine1998; 16(13); 1306-1313; doi: 10.1016/s0264-410x(98)00009-7

Local and systemic isotype-specific antibody responses to equine influenza virus infection versus conventional vaccination.

Abstract: Inactivated alum-adjuvanted conventional equine influenza virus vaccines are of poor efficacy and offer limited short-term protection against infection. In sharp contrast, natural infection with equine influenza virus confers long-term protective immunity. In order to identify the protective immune responses to equine influenza virus, the influenza virus-specific IgA, IgGa, IgGb, IgGc and IgG(T) antibody responses in nasal secretions and serum induced by natural infection and a commercial vaccine were studied by ELISA. Two groups of four influenza-naive ponies were established. In the natural infection group, ponies received 10(8.5) EID50 of A/equine/Ky/1/81 by intranasal instillation, were allowed to recover, and then were rechallenged 100 days later. All four ponies exhibited clinical signs of influenza virus infection and viral shedding following primary infection, but were completely protected from challenge infection. Antibody responses to primary infection were characterized by nasal IgA and serum IgGa and IgGb responses. Ponies in the conventional vaccine group received a commercially available vaccine by intramuscular injection followed by a booster injection 3 weeks later. Challenge infection 100 days after vaccination resulted in clinical signs of infection and viral shedding. Antibody responses to vaccination were restricted to serum IgG(T) responses only. These results demonstrate that the protective immunity generated by natural equine influenza virus infection is associated with a mucosal IgA immune response and humoral IgGa and IgGb sub-isotype responses, and that this pattern of response is not generated by conventional vaccines.
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Publication Date: 1998-07-31 PubMed ID: 9682395DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(98)00009-7Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Clinical Trial
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Equine influenza vaccines don’t offer long-term protection against the virus, unlike the immunity developed from a naturally occurring infection. This research scrutinizes the differences in immune responses between horses recovering from an infection and those receiving typical vaccines. It suggests that key factors of post-infection protection may be the antibodies IgA, IgGa and IgGb, which are notably absent from the immune response to conventional vaccines.

Methodology

  • Researchers set up two groups of four ponies each—naive to the influenza infection—to evaluate their bodily responses. The first group was naturally infected via an intranasal instillation of A/equine/Ky/1/81 viral strain, then the horses were allowed to recover before facing a secondary challenge 100 days later.
  • The second group, however, was instead administered with a commercial vaccine via an injection in the muscles, followed by a booster shot three weeks afterwards. They were then exposed to the virus 100 days post-vaccination for comparison.

Findings

  • During the primary infection, all four ponies exhibited typical clinical signs of an influenza virus infection and viral shedding. However, they were wholly protected from the secondary exposure to the virus, showing no illness.
  • The ponies naturally infected had immune responses defined by nasal IgA and serum IgGa and IgGb antibodies, showing a distinctive pattern of response that was absent in the vaccinated group.
  • Conversely, the vaccinated ponies still displayed signs of an infection upon exposure to the virus after the vaccination, signifying that the immunization did not provide comprehensive protection.
  • The vaccine elicited only serum IgG(T) antibody responses, and did not stimulate the mucosal IgA, IgGa, and IgGb antibodies induced by natural infection, which seem crucial for protection.

Conclusion

  • This research concludes that the protective immunity generated by natural equine influenza virus infection is associated with a distinct mucosal IgA immune response and humoral IgGa and IgGb sub-isotype responses—a pattern that is not produced by conventional vaccines. This suggests that future equine influenza vaccines need to account for this to improve their efficacy and produce long-term immunity.

Cite This Article

APA
Nelson KM, Schram BR, McGregor MW, Sheoran AS, Olsen CW, Lunn DP. (1998). Local and systemic isotype-specific antibody responses to equine influenza virus infection versus conventional vaccination. Vaccine, 16(13), 1306-1313. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0264-410x(98)00009-7

Publication

Vaccine
ISSN: 0264-410X
NlmUniqueID: 8406899
Country: Netherlands
Language: English
Volume: 16
Issue: 13
Pages: 1306-1313

Researcher Affiliations

Nelson, K M
  • Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, USA.
Schram, B R
    McGregor, M W
      Sheoran, A S
        Olsen, C W
          Lunn, D P

            MeSH Terms

            • Animals
            • Antibodies, Viral / biosynthesis
            • Horse Diseases / immunology
            • Horse Diseases / prevention & control
            • Horses
            • Immunity, Mucosal
            • Immunoglobulin A / biosynthesis
            • Immunoglobulin A, Secretory / biosynthesis
            • Immunoglobulin G / biosynthesis
            • Influenza A virus / immunology
            • Influenza Vaccines / immunology
            • Nasal Mucosa / immunology
            • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / immunology
            • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / prevention & control
            • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / veterinary
            • Recurrence
            • Vaccination / veterinary
            • Virus Shedding / immunology

            Citations

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