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Tierarztliche Praxis. Ausgabe G, Grosstiere/Nutztiere2022; 50(2); 115-125; doi: 10.1055/a-1809-2163

[Management and hygiene measures during an outbreak of herpes, influenza, strangles or infections with multidrug resistant bacteria].

Abstract: The aim of this review is to describe general guidelines of hygiene measures in the horse stable as well as to provide current recommendations for an outbreak of a common infectious disease. General cleanliness, hand hygiene, avoidance of stress, regular deworming, and vaccinations belong to the basic hygiene measures in a horse herd. All new or returning equids should be submitted to a quarantine period as an important prevention measure. Repeated washing and disinfection of hands may prevent spreading of infectious agents to people and horses.The conception of a hygiene plan, including general biosecurity procedures and standard operating procedures in a case of an outbreak of an infectious disease, zoonosis, or colonization with multi-resistant bacteria is strongly recommended. As soon as the disease is suspected, extended hygiene measures including protective clothing, cleaning, disinfection, and isolation of potentially infected animals should be implemented. Prompt confirmation of the causative agent by examination of appropriate samples is crucial. It is important to adjust all safety measures based on the contagious nature of the respective pathogen and its major transmission routes. Apart from a lock-down of the stable, clinic or show grounds, the segregation of horses plays an important role. Implementation of the "traffic light system" is recommended. In this, the red group ("infected") include animals with clinical signs of the disease or that have been tested positive. All horses with possible pathogen contact should be allocated to a yellow group ("suspected") and regularly controlled for the signs of infection and fever. Clinically normal horses without contact to the infected animals belong to the green group ("healthy"). A change of protective clothing and an extensive disinfection should be performed when moving between the groups.The extended hygiene measures are to be maintained until all animals have been tested negative or fail to exhibit clinical signs of the disease for a certain time period. Das Ziel dieses Reviews ist, die allgemein gültigen Hygienemaßnahmen im Pferdestall zusammenzufassen sowie aktuelle Empfehlungen bei Ausbruch relevanter Infektionskrankheiten zu liefern. Die allgemeine Sauberkeit, Handhygiene, stressarme Haltung sowie regelmäßige Entwurmungen und Impfungen gehören dabei zur Basishygiene im Pferdebestand. Wichtige Maßnahme in der Infektionsprävention stellen dabei die Quarantäne aller rückkehrenden oder neu eingestallten Equiden und das regelmäßige Waschen und Desinfizieren der Hände zur Reduktion der Übertragung von Krankheitserreger dar.Die Erstellung eines Hygieneplans, welcher die allgemeinen Biosicherheitsregeln sowie die Vorgehensweise für den Fall eines Ausbruchs einer ansteckenden Erkrankung, Zoonose bzw. Infektion mit multiresistenten Erregern (MRE) festlegt, wird empfohlen. Bereits bei begründetem Verdacht auf eine dieser Erkrankungen sollten weitere, über die übliche Basishygiene hinausgehende Maßnahmen (inklusive Schutzkleidung, Flächen- und Gerätereinigung und Desinfektion sowie Isolation potenziell erkrankter Tiere) eingeleitet werden. Die erforderlichen diagnostischen Proben sollen möglichst zeitnah entnommen werden, um einen Krankheitsverdacht schnellstmöglich zu bestätigen. Die entsprechenden Schutzmaßnahmen sind dem Übertragungsrisiko der Infektionserreger und der Art ihrer potenziellen Übertragung anzupassen.Neben dem „Lock-Down“ des ganzen Stalls, der Klinik oder des Turnier-/Veranstaltungsgeländes spielt die räumliche Trennung der Tiere eine wichtige Rolle. Ein „Ampelsystem“ wird empfohlen, bei dem kranke oder positiv getestete Pferde in die rote Gruppe eingeordnet werden („erkrankt“). Tiere mit möglichem Kontakt zum pathogenen Agens sollten der gelben Gruppe („verdächtig“) zugeteilt und regelmäßig auf Anzeichen der Erkrankung und Fieber kontrolliert werden. In der grünen Kategorie („unverdächtig“) befinden sich klinisch unauffällige Pferde ohne Kontakt zu erkrankten Tieren. Zwischen den räumlich getrennten Bereichen sollte die Schutzkleidung gewechselt werden und eine entsprechende Desinfektion stattfinden.Alle erweiterten Hygienemaßnahmen sollten beibehalten werden bis alle Tiere negativ getestet wurden und keine Symptome der Erkrankung über eine ausreichend lange Zeit zeigen.
Publication Date: 2022-05-06 PubMed ID: 35523188DOI: 10.1055/a-1809-2163Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article
  • Review

Summary

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The article guides on hygiene practices in horse stables, presented alongside recommendations for outbreaks of contagious diseases. The study emphasizes the role of cleanliness, hand hygiene, stress reduction, regular deworming, vaccinations, quarantine, and a structured hygiene plan, particularly when diseases suspected to be infectious, zoonotic or colonizing with multi-resistant bacteria occur.

Hygiene Measures

  • The researchers stress the importance of general cleanliness, hand hygiene, avoiding stress, regular deworming, and vaccinations as basic hygiene actions in horse herds.
  • Quarantine is recommended for all new or returning equids horses.
  • Frequent hand washing and disinfection are suggested as prevention measures to stop the spread of infectious agents to people and horses.
  • In the event of disease outbreak suspicion, expanded hygiene measures should be implemented immediately. These include wearing protective clothing, cleaning and disinfection, and isolation of possibly infected animals.

Hygiene Plan

  • The research suggests creating an inclusive hygiene plan with general biosecurity procedures and standard operating procedures for potentially infectious diseases, zoonosis, or colonization with multi-resistant pathogen incidents.
  • Swift identification of the causal agent by examining appropriate samples is suggested to be crucial.
  • All safety measures should be adjusted according to the contagious nature of the respective pathogen and its key transmission routes.

Preventive Strategy during Outbreaks

  • Lock-down of the stable or clinic is recommended, and segregation of horses plays a significant role.
  • The implementation of the “traffic light system” is advocated. In this system, the red group includes animals that show clinical signs of disease or have tested positive (“infected”). Horses that have possibly been in contact with pathogens should be allocated to a yellow group (“suspected”) and routinely checked for signs of infection and fever. Healthy horses without contact with the infected animals fall in the green group (“healthy”).
  • Changing of protective clothing and extensive disinfection should be performed when transitioning between each group.
  • The extended hygiene measures should be kept in place until all animals have tested negative or fail to show clinical signs of the disease for a certain time period.

Cite This Article

APA
Gehlen H, Rutenberg D, Simon C, Reinhold-Fritzen B, Drozdzewska K. (2022). [Management and hygiene measures during an outbreak of herpes, influenza, strangles or infections with multidrug resistant bacteria]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere, 50(2), 115-125. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1809-2163

Publication

ISSN: 2567-5834
NlmUniqueID: 9715779
Country: Germany
Language: ger
Volume: 50
Issue: 2
Pages: 115-125

Researcher Affiliations

Gehlen, Heidrun
  • Klinik für Pferde, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin.
Rutenberg, Dusty
  • Klinik für Pferde, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin.
Simon, Claudia
  • Laboklin GmbH & Co. KG.
Reinhold-Fritzen, Birgitta
  • Tierarztpraxis für Pferde Eyendorf.
Drozdzewska, Karolina
  • Klinik für Pferde, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Communicable Diseases / veterinary
  • Disease Outbreaks / prevention & control
  • Disease Outbreaks / veterinary
  • Disinfection
  • Horse Diseases / prevention & control
  • Horses
  • Humans
  • Hygiene
  • Influenza, Human

Conflict of Interest Statement

Dr. Claudia Simon arbeitet im Labor für klinische Diagnostik – Laboklin GmbH & Co., das Untersuchungen auf die beschriebenen Erkrankungen anbietet.