FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Animals (Basel) / Metabolomic Profiles in Starved Light Breed Horses during th...
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2022; 12(19); 2527; doi: 10.3390/ani12192527

Metabolomic Profiles in Starved Light Breed Horses during the Refeeding Process.

Abstract: The large population of emaciated horses continues to be an issue troubling the equine industry. However, little is known regarding the collection of equine metabolites (metabolome) during a malnourished state and the changes that occur throughout nutritional rehabilitation. In this study, ten emaciated horses underwent a refeeding process, during which blood samples were collected for a blood chemistry panel and metabolomics analysis via ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS). Significant differences among blood chemistry analytes and metabolite abundance during the critical care period (CCP; Days 1-10 of rehabilitation) and the recovery period (RP; the remainder of the rehabilitation process) were observed. Potentially toxic compounds, analytes related to liver, kidney, and muscle function, as well as energy-related metabolites were altered during the refeeding process. The combination of blood chemistry and metabolomics analyses on starved equine during rehabilitation provide vital biological insight and evidence that the refeeding process has a significant impact on the equine metabolome.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2022-09-21 PubMed ID: 36230267PubMed Central: PMC9559287DOI: 10.3390/ani12192527Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research article addresses the impact of the refeeding process on emaciated horses, identifying significant changes in the horses’ metabolite abundance during their recovery from malnutrition.

Overview of the Study

  • The study’s subjects were ten malnourished horses. The researchers focused on studying these animals’ metabolome, or the collection of metabolites in their bodies, as they underwent a nutritional rehabilitation process.
  • Drawing blood samples regularly, the researchers conducted a blood chemistry panel and metabolomics analysis using ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS).
  • The time period of rehabilitation was divided into two: the critical care period (CCP), covering the first ten days, and the recovery period (RP), encompassing the rest of the refeeding process.

Significant Findings

  • The research found significant changes in blood chemistry analytes and metabolite abundance between CCP and RP.
  • Different metabolites associated with liver, kidney, and muscle function were altered during the refeeding process.
  • Energy-related metabolites also changed, showing the physiological adaptations made by the horses as they started recovering from a state of malnutrition.
  • The presence of potentially toxic compounds was noted, representing a possible risk during the refeeding process.

Conclusions

  • This study provided valuable biological insights into the rehabilitation of starved horses, revealing how the entire refeeding process impacts their metabolome. Evidence generated by this study significantly contributes to the equine industry, especially in formulating proper refeeding protocols for malnourished horses.
  • The remarkable changes in metabolites highlight the importance of careful monitoring and tailored feeding strategies during the rehabilitation of emaciated horses.

Cite This Article

APA
Main SC, Brown LP, Melvin KR, Campagna SR, Voy BH, Castro HF, Strickland LG, Hines MT, Jacobs RD, Gordon ME, Ivey JLZ. (2022). Metabolomic Profiles in Starved Light Breed Horses during the Refeeding Process. Animals (Basel), 12(19), 2527. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12192527

Publication

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 12
Issue: 19
PII: 2527

Researcher Affiliations

Main, Sawyer C
  • Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, 2506 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
Brown, Lindsay P
  • Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, 1420 Circle Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
Melvin, Kelly R
  • Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, 2506 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
Campagna, Shawn R
  • Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, 1420 Circle Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
  • Biological and Small Molecule Mass Spectrometry Core, University of Tennessee, 1416 Circle Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
Voy, Brynn H
  • Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, 2506 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
  • Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee, 1215 W. Cumberland Ave., Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
Castro, Hector F
  • Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, 1420 Circle Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
  • Biological and Small Molecule Mass Spectrometry Core, University of Tennessee, 1416 Circle Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
Strickland, Lewrell G
  • Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, 2506 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
  • College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
Hines, Melissa T
  • College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
Jacobs, Robert D
  • Purina Animal Nutrition, 100 Danforth Drive, Gray Summit, MO 63039, USA.
Gordon, Mary E
  • Purina Animal Nutrition, 100 Danforth Drive, Gray Summit, MO 63039, USA.
Ivey, Jennie L Z
  • Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, 2506 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.

Grant Funding

  • One UT Collaboration and Innovation Grant / University of Tennessee at Knoxville
  • Independent contract / Purina Animal Nutrition
  • Independent Contract / Standlee Premium Western Forage

Conflict of Interest Statement

R.D.J. and M.E.G. are employed by Purina Animal Nutrition and aided in initial study design, blood parameter analysis, and final approval of the submitted manuscript.

References

This article includes 56 references
  1. Schneider LG, Cox Self A, Hines MT, Lin-Zambito Ivey J. Clinical Factors Associated With Survival Outcomes in Starved Equids: A Retrospective Case Series.. J Equine Vet Sci 2021 Jun;101:103370.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103370pubmed: 33993944google scholar: lookup
  2. Lenz T.R.. The Unwanted Horse in the United States: An Overview of the Issue.. J. Equine Vet.- Sci. 2009;29:253–258.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2009.04.001google scholar: lookup
  3. Stull C., Hullinger P., Rodiek A.. Fat Supplementation to Alfalfa Diets for Refeeding the Starved Horse.. Prof. Anim. Sci. 2003;19:47–54.
    doi: 10.15232/S1080-7446(15)31375-9google scholar: lookup
  4. Becvarova I, Pleasant RS, Thatcher CD. Clinical assessment of nutritional status and feeding programs in horses.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2009 Apr;25(1):1-21, v.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2009.01.001pubmed: 19303547google scholar: lookup
  5. Merriam-Webster. [(accessed on 21 May 2022)]. Available online: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/malnutrition#:%7E:text=%3A%20faulty%20nutrition%20due%20to%20inadequate,Sentences%20Learn%20More%20about%20malnutrition.
  6. Finn PF, Dice JF. Proteolytic and lipolytic responses to starvation.. Nutrition 2006 Jul-Aug;22(7-8):830-44.
    doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2006.04.008pubmed: 16815497google scholar: lookup
  7. Henneke DR, Potter GD, Kreider JL, Yeates BF. Relationship between condition score, physical measurements and body fat percentage in mares.. Equine Vet J 1983 Oct;15(4):371-2.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1983.tb01826.xpubmed: 6641685google scholar: lookup
  8. Dettmer K, Aronov PA, Hammock BD. Mass spectrometry-based metabolomics.. Mass Spectrom Rev 2007 Jan-Feb;26(1):51-78.
    doi: 10.1002/mas.20108pmc: PMC1904337pubmed: 16921475google scholar: lookup
  9. Jiang P, Stanstrup J, Thymann T, Sangild PT, Dragsted LO. Progressive Changes in the Plasma Metabolome during Malnutrition in Juvenile Pigs.. J Proteome Res 2016 Feb 5;15(2):447-56.
    doi: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00782pubmed: 26626656google scholar: lookup
  10. Beachler TM, Gracz HS, Morgan DR, Bembenek Bailey SA, Borst L, Ellis KE, Von Dollen KA, Lyle SK, Nebel A, Andrews NC, Koipalli J, Gadsby JE, Bailey CS. Plasma metabolomic profiling of healthy pregnant mares and mares with experimentally induced placentitis.. Equine Vet J 2021 Jan;53(1):85-93.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.13262pubmed: 32187705google scholar: lookup
  11. Escalona EE, Leng J, Dona AC, Merrifield CA, Holmes E, Proudman CJ, Swann JR. Dominant components of the Thoroughbred metabolome characterised by (1) H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy: A metabolite atlas of common biofluids.. Equine Vet J 2015 Nov;47(6):721-30.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12333pubmed: 25130591google scholar: lookup
  12. Keen B, Cawley A, Reedy B, Fu S. Metabolomics in clinical and forensic toxicology, sports anti-doping and veterinary residues.. Drug Test Anal 2022 May;14(5):794-807.
    doi: 10.1002/dta.3245pmc: PMC9544538pubmed: 35194967google scholar: lookup
  13. Klein DJ, Anthony TG, McKeever KH. Metabolomics in equine sport and exercise.. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2021 Jan;105(1):140-148.
    doi: 10.1111/jpn.13384pubmed: 32511844google scholar: lookup
  14. Freemark M. Metabolomics in nutrition research: biomarkers predicting mortality in children with severe acute malnutrition.. Food Nutr Bull 2015 Mar;36(1 Suppl):S88-92.
    doi: 10.1177/15648265150361S114pubmed: 25902620google scholar: lookup
  15. Yang QJ, Zhao JR, Hao J, Li B, Huo Y, Han YL, Wan LL, Li J, Huang J, Lu J, Yang GJ, Guo C. Serum and urine metabolomics study reveals a distinct diagnostic model for cancer cachexia.. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2018 Feb;9(1):71-85.
    doi: 10.1002/jcsm.12246pmc: PMC5803608pubmed: 29152916google scholar: lookup
  16. Heusner G.. Ad libitum feeding of mature horses to achieve rapid weight gain. Proceedings of the 13th Equine Nutrition Physiology Symposium; Gainesville, FL, USA. 21–23 January 1993.
  17. Council N.R.. Nutrient Requirements of Horses. 6th ed. National Academies Press; Washington, DC, USA: 2007.
  18. Witham CL, Stull CL. Metabolic responses of chronically starved horses to refeeding with three isoenergetic diets.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998 Mar 1;212(5):691-6.
    pubmed: 9524642
  19. Rabinowitz JD, Kimball E. Acidic acetonitrile for cellular metabolome extraction from Escherichia coli.. Anal Chem 2007 Aug 15;79(16):6167-73.
    doi: 10.1021/ac070470cpubmed: 17630720google scholar: lookup
  20. Bazurto JV, Dearth SP, Tague ED, Campagna SR, Downs DM. Untargeted metabolomics confirms and extends the understanding of the impact of aminoimidazole carboxamide ribotide (AICAR) in the metabolic network of Salmonella enterica.. Microb Cell 2017 Nov 22;5(2):74-87.
    doi: 10.15698/mic2018.02.613pmc: PMC5798407pubmed: 29417056google scholar: lookup
  21. Pang Z, Chong J, Zhou G, de Lima Morais DA, Chang L, Barrette M, Gauthier C, Jacques PÉ, Li S, Xia J. MetaboAnalyst 5.0: narrowing the gap between raw spectra and functional insights.. Nucleic Acids Res 2021 Jul 2;49(W1):W388-W396.
    doi: 10.1093/nar/gkab382pmc: PMC8265181pubmed: 34019663google scholar: lookup
  22. Worley B, Halouska S, Powers R. Utilities for quantifying separation in PCA/PLS-DA scores plots.. Anal Biochem 2013 Feb 15;433(2):102-4.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ab.2012.10.011pmc: PMC3534867pubmed: 23079505google scholar: lookup
  23. Pusterla N, Barnum S, Miller J, Varnell S, Dallap-Schaer B, Aceto H, Simeone A. Investigation of an EHV-1 Outbreak in the United States Caused by a New H(752) Genotype.. Pathogens 2021 Jun 13;10(6).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens10060747pmc: PMC8231618pubmed: 34199153google scholar: lookup
  24. Fleurance G.R., Duncan P., Mallevaud B.. Daily intake and the selection of feeding sites by horses in heterogeneous wet grasslands.. Anim. Res. 2001;50:149–156.
    doi: 10.1051/animres:2001123google scholar: lookup
  25. Saastamoinen M, Särkijärvi S, Suomala H. Protein Source and Intake Effects on Diet Digestibility and N Excretion in Horses-A Risk of Environmental N Load of Horses.. Animals (Basel) 2021 Dec 15;11(12).
    doi: 10.3390/ani11123568pmc: PMC8697880pubmed: 34944342google scholar: lookup
  26. O'Connor CI, Nielsen BD, Woodward AD, Spooner HS, Ventura BA, Turner KK. Mineral balance in horses fed two supplemental silicon sources.. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2008 Apr;92(2):173-81.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2007.00724.xpubmed: 18336414google scholar: lookup
  27. Parraga ME, Carlson GP, Thurmond M. Serum protein concentrations in horses with severe liver disease: a retrospective study and review of the literature.. J Vet Intern Med 1995 May-Jun;9(3):154-61.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.1995.tb03289.xpubmed: 7674216google scholar: lookup
  28. Urayama S, Arima D, Mizobe F, Shinzaki Y, Nomura M, Minamijima Y, Kusano K. Blood glucose is unlikely to be a prognostic biomarker in acute colitis with systemic inflammatory response syndrome in Thoroughbred racehorses.. J Equine Sci 2018;29(1):15-19.
    doi: 10.1294/jes.29.15pmc: PMC5865065pubmed: 29593444google scholar: lookup
  29. Hollis AR, Boston RC, Corley KT. Blood glucose in horses with acute abdominal disease.. J Vet Intern Med 2007 Sep-Oct;21(5):1099-103.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.tb03070.xpubmed: 17939570google scholar: lookup
  30. Toribio RE. Essentials of equine renal and urinary tract physiology.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2007 Dec;23(3):533-61, v.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2007.09.006pubmed: 18061849google scholar: lookup
  31. Doll SK, Haimerl P, Bartel A, Arlt SP. Determination of reference intervals for nonesterified fatty acids in the blood serum of healthy dogs.. Vet Rec Open 2022 Dec;9(1):e40.
    doi: 10.1002/vro2.40pmc: PMC9313937pubmed: 35903267google scholar: lookup
  32. Farhana A, Lappin SL. Biochemistry, Lactate Dehydrogenase.. 2023 Jan;.
    pubmed: 32491468
  33. Zoppini G, Cacciatori V, Negri C, Stoico V, Lippi G, Targher G, Bonora E. The aspartate aminotransferase-to-alanine aminotransferase ratio predicts all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes.. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016 Oct;95(43):e4821.
    doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000004821pmc: PMC5089086pubmed: 27787357google scholar: lookup
  34. Klein R, Nagy O, Tóthová C, Chovanová F. Clinical and Diagnostic Significance of Lactate Dehydrogenase and Its Isoenzymes in Animals.. Vet Med Int 2020;2020:5346483.
    doi: 10.1155/2020/5346483pmc: PMC7313120pubmed: 32607139google scholar: lookup
  35. Ono T, Yamada Y, Hata A, Shimokawa Miyama T, Shibano K, Iwata E, Ohzawa E, Kitagawa H. Reference values of hematological and blood biochemical parameters for the Noma horse.. J Equine Sci 2019 Sep;30(3):69-73.
    doi: 10.1294/jes.30.69pmc: PMC6773617pubmed: 31592225google scholar: lookup
  36. Fielder S.E. Serum Biochemical Reference Ranges. 2015. [(accessed on 12 September 2022)]. Available online: https://www.merckvetmanual.com/special-subjects/reference-guides/serum-biochemical-reference-ranges.
  37. Jang C, Chen L, Rabinowitz JD. Metabolomics and Isotope Tracing.. Cell 2018 May 3;173(4):822-837.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.03.055pmc: PMC6034115pubmed: 29727671google scholar: lookup
  38. Wishart DS, Guo A, Oler E, Wang F, Anjum A, Peters H, Dizon R, Sayeeda Z, Tian S, Lee BL, Berjanskii M, Mah R, Yamamoto M, Jovel J, Torres-Calzada C, Hiebert-Giesbrecht M, Lui VW, Varshavi D, Varshavi D, Allen D, Arndt D, Khetarpal N, Sivakumaran A, Harford K, Sanford S, Yee K, Cao X, Budinski Z, Liigand J, Zhang L, Zheng J, Mandal R, Karu N, Dambrova M, Schiöth HB, Greiner R, Gautam V. HMDB 5.0: the Human Metabolome Database for 2022.. Nucleic Acids Res 2022 Jan 7;50(D1):D622-D631.
    doi: 10.1093/nar/gkab1062pmc: PMC8728138pubmed: 34986597google scholar: lookup
  39. Goldansaz SA, Guo AC, Sajed T, Steele MA, Plastow GS, Wishart DS. Livestock metabolomics and the livestock metabolome: A systematic review.. PLoS One 2017;12(5):e0177675.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177675pmc: PMC5439675pubmed: 28531195google scholar: lookup
  40. Ogata H, Goto S, Sato K, Fujibuchi W, Bono H, Kanehisa M. KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes.. Nucleic Acids Res 1999 Jan 1;27(1):29-34.
    doi: 10.1093/nar/27.1.29pmc: PMC148090pubmed: 9847135google scholar: lookup
  41. Kanehisa M. Toward understanding the origin and evolution of cellular organisms.. Protein Sci 2019 Nov;28(11):1947-1951.
    doi: 10.1002/pro.3715pmc: PMC6798127pubmed: 31441146google scholar: lookup
  42. Kanehisa M, Furumichi M, Sato Y, Ishiguro-Watanabe M, Tanabe M. KEGG: integrating viruses and cellular organisms.. Nucleic Acids Res 2021 Jan 8;49(D1):D545-D551.
    doi: 10.1093/nar/gkaa970pmc: PMC7779016pubmed: 33125081google scholar: lookup
  43. Ghone RA, Suryakar AN, Kulhalli PM, Bhagat SS, Padalkar RK, Karnik AC, Hundekar PS, Sangle DA. A study of oxidative stress biomarkers and effect of oral antioxidant supplementation in severe acute malnutrition.. J Clin Diagn Res 2013 Oct;7(10):2146-8.
    doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2013/6019.3454pmc: PMC3842512pubmed: 24298460google scholar: lookup
  44. Wishart DS, Tzur D, Knox C, Eisner R, Guo AC, Young N, Cheng D, Jewell K, Arndt D, Sawhney S, Fung C, Nikolai L, Lewis M, Coutouly MA, Forsythe I, Tang P, Shrivastava S, Jeroncic K, Stothard P, Amegbey G, Block D, Hau DD, Wagner J, Miniaci J, Clements M, Gebremedhin M, Guo N, Zhang Y, Duggan GE, Macinnis GD, Weljie AM, Dowlatabadi R, Bamforth F, Clive D, Greiner R, Li L, Marrie T, Sykes BD, Vogel HJ, Querengesser L. HMDB: the Human Metabolome Database.. Nucleic Acids Res 2007 Jan;35(Database issue):D521-6.
    doi: 10.1093/nar/gkl923pmc: PMC1899095pubmed: 17202168google scholar: lookup
  45. Foroutan A, Fitzsimmons C, Mandal R, Piri-Moghadam H, Zheng J, Guo A, Li C, Guan LL, Wishart DS. The Bovine Metabolome.. Metabolites 2020 Jun 5;10(6).
    doi: 10.3390/metabo10060233pmc: PMC7345087pubmed: 32517015google scholar: lookup
  46. Parenti M, McClorry S, Maga EA, Slupsky CM. Metabolomic changes in severe acute malnutrition suggest hepatic oxidative stress: a secondary analysis.. Nutr Res 2021 Jul;91:44-56.
    doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2021.05.005pmc: PMC8311294pubmed: 34134040google scholar: lookup
  47. Cohen S, Nathan JA, Goldberg AL. Muscle wasting in disease: molecular mechanisms and promising therapies.. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2015 Jan;14(1):58-74.
    doi: 10.1038/nrd4467pubmed: 25549588google scholar: lookup
  48. Schuback K, Essén-Gustavsson B, Persson SG. Effect of creatine supplementation on muscle metabolic response to a maximal treadmill exercise test in Standardbred horses.. Equine Vet J 2000 Nov;32(6):533-40.
    doi: 10.2746/042516400777584578pubmed: 11093628google scholar: lookup
  49. Bergero D, Assenza A, Schiavone A, Piccione G, Perona G, Caola G. Amino acid concentrations in blood serum of horses performing long lasting low-intensity exercise.. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2005 Apr-Jun;89(3-6):146-50.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2005.00556.xpubmed: 15787986google scholar: lookup
  50. Zhou Y, Qiu L, Xiao Q, Wang Y, Meng X, Xu R, Wang S, Na R. Obesity and diabetes related plasma amino acid alterations.. Clin Biochem 2013 Oct;46(15):1447-52.
    doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2013.05.045pubmed: 23697717google scholar: lookup
  51. Sarabhai T, Roden M. Hungry for your alanine: when liver depends on muscle proteolysis.. J Clin Invest 2019 Nov 1;129(11):4563-4566.
    doi: 10.1172/JCI131931pmc: PMC6819091pubmed: 31545302google scholar: lookup
  52. Ishikawa T, Aw W, Kaneko K. Metabolic Interactions of Purine Derivatives with Human ABC Transporter ABCG2: Genetic Testing to Assess Gout Risk.. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2013 Nov 4;6(11):1347-60.
    doi: 10.3390/ph6111347pmc: PMC3854015pubmed: 24287461google scholar: lookup
  53. Zhang Y, Guo S, Xie C, Fang J. Uridine Metabolism and Its Role in Glucose, Lipid, and Amino Acid Homeostasis.. Biomed Res Int 2020;2020:7091718.
    doi: 10.1155/2020/7091718pmc: PMC7180397pubmed: 32382566google scholar: lookup
  54. Paddon-Jones D, Børsheim E, Wolfe RR. Potential ergogenic effects of arginine and creatine supplementation.. J Nutr 2004 Oct;134(10 Suppl):2888S-2894S; discussion 2895S.
    doi: 10.1093/jn/134.10.2888Spubmed: 15465806google scholar: lookup
  55. Klein CJ, Stanek GS, Wiles CE 3rd. Overfeeding macronutrients to critically ill adults: metabolic complications.. J Am Diet Assoc 1998 Jul;98(7):795-806.
    doi: 10.1016/S0002-8223(98)00179-5pubmed: 9664922google scholar: lookup
  56. McKeever K.H.. Aging and how it affects the physiological response to exercise in the horse.. Clin. Tech. Equine Pract. 2003;2:258–265.
    doi: 10.1053/S1534-7516(03)00068-4google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 1 times.
  1. Austin MMP, Ivey JLZ, Shepherd EA, Myer PR. Methodologies to Identify Metabolic Pathway Differences Between Emaciated and Moderately Conditioned Horses: A Review of Multiple Gene Expression Techniques. Animals (Basel) 2025 Oct 10;15(20).
    doi: 10.3390/ani15202933pubmed: 41153862google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,357 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.