FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Veterinary research2014; 45(1); 31; doi: 10.1186/1297-9716-45-31

Molecular epidemiology of environmental MRSA at an equine teaching hospital: introduction, circulation and maintenance.

Abstract: The role that environmental contamination might play as a reservoir and a possible source of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) for patients and personnel at equine veterinary hospitals remains undefined, as the environment has only been monitored during outbreaks or for short periods. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine the monthly presence, distribution, and characteristics of environmental MRSA at an equine hospital, and to establish patterns of contamination over time using molecular epidemiological analyses. For this purpose, a yearlong active MRSA surveillance was performed targeting the environment and incoming patients. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing, SCCmec typing, PFGE typing, and dendrographic analysis were used to characterize and analyze these isolates. Overall, 8.6% of the surfaces and 5.8% of the horses sampled were positive for MRSA. The most common contaminated surfaces were: computers, feed-water buckets, and surgery tables-mats. Ninety percent of the isolates carried SCCmec type IV, and 62.0% were classified as USA500. Molecular analysis showed that new pulsotypes were constantly introduced into the hospital throughout the year. However, maintenance of strains in the environment was also observed when unique clones were detected for 2 consecutive months on the same surfaces. Additionally, pulsotypes were circulating throughout several areas and different contact surfaces of the hospital. Based on these results, it is evident that MRSA is constantly introduced and frequently found in the equine hospital environment, and that some contact surfaces could act as "hot-spots". These contaminated surfaces should be actively targeted for strict cleaning and disinfection as well as regular monitoring.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2014-03-19 PubMed ID: 24641543PubMed Central: PMC3974172DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-45-31Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • N.I.H.
  • Extramural
  • Research Support
  • U.S. Gov't
  • Non-P.H.S.

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research investigates how environmental contamination contributes to Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections in an equine teaching hospital. The study tracks the presence, distribution, and characteristics of MRSA over a year, noting that affected surfaces could act as “hot-spots” for the bacteria, hence suggesting a need for increased cleaning and monitoring.

Introduction and Methodology

  • The researchers aim was to understand the role of environmental contamination as a possible reservoir for Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in equine veterinary hospitals. This became a point of interest because the environment has only been given a monitoring priority during outbreaks or short time periods.
  • The research objectives were to determine the monthly presence, distribution, and characteristics of environmental MRSA at an equine hospital and to establish patterns of contamination over time using molecular epidemiological analyses.
  • Active MRSA surveillance was carried out within a year in key areas. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing, SCCmec typing, PFGE typing, and dendrographic analysis techniques were employed to characterize and analyze these isolates.

Findings

  • Analysis showed that 8.6% of the surfaces and 5.8% of the horses sampled tested positive for MRSA.
  • The most common contaminated surfaces were computers, feed-water buckets, and surgery tables-mats.
  • 90% of the isolates had SCCmec type IV, and 62.0% were classified as USA500.
  • Molecular analysis indicated that new pulsotypes were constantly introduced into the hospital throughout the year.
  • Strain maintenance in the environment was observable when identical clones were detected for 2 consecutive months on the same surfaces.
  • Pulsotypes were found circulating throughout several areas and across different contact surfaces of the hospital.

Conclusion and Recommendations

  • The research showed a consistent introduction of MRSA into the hospital and its frequent presence in the environment.
  • Certain contact surfaces in the hospital possibly act as “hot-spots” for MRSA, suggesting the importance of these areas in disease transmission.
  • The study recommends active targeting of these contaminated surfaces for rigorous cleaning and disinfection, as well as regular monitoring to reduce the rates of MRSA infections in the hospital.

Cite This Article

APA
van Balen J, Mowery J, Piraino-Sandoval M, Nava-Hoet RC, Kohn C, Hoet AE. (2014). Molecular epidemiology of environmental MRSA at an equine teaching hospital: introduction, circulation and maintenance. Vet Res, 45(1), 31. https://doi.org/10.1186/1297-9716-45-31

Publication

Veterinary research
ISSN: 1297-9716
NlmUniqueID: 9309551
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 45
Issue: 1
Pages: 31

Researcher Affiliations

van Balen, Joany
    Mowery, Jade
      Piraino-Sandoval, Micha
        Nava-Hoet, Rocio C
          Kohn, Catherine
            Hoet, Armando E
            • Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1900 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. hoet.1@osu.edu.

            MeSH Terms

            • Animals
            • Anti-Bacterial Agents / pharmacology
            • Bacterial Proteins / genetics
            • Colony Count, Microbial / veterinary
            • Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field / veterinary
            • Environmental Microbiology
            • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
            • Horse Diseases / microbiology
            • Horses
            • Hospitals, Animal
            • Hospitals, Teaching
            • Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus / classification
            • Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus / drug effects
            • Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus / genetics
            • Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus / isolation & purification
            • Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction / veterinary
            • Ohio / epidemiology
            • Seasons
            • Staphylococcal Infections / epidemiology
            • Staphylococcal Infections / microbiology
            • Staphylococcal Infections / veterinary

            References

            This article includes 36 references
            1. Axon JE, Carrick JB, Barton MD, Collins NM, Russell CM, Kiehne J, Coombs G. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a population of horses in Australia.. Aust Vet J 2011;89:221–225.
              doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2011.00711.xpubmed: 21595643google scholar: lookup
            2. De Martino L, Lucido M, Mallardo K, Facello B, Mallardo M, Iovane G, Pagnini U, Tufano MA, Catalanotti P. Methicillin-resistant staphylococci isolated from healthy horses and horse personnel in Italy.. J Vet Diagn Invest 2010;22:77–82.
              doi: 10.1177/104063871002200114pubmed: 20093688google scholar: lookup
            3. Maddox TW, Clegg PD, Diggle PJ, Wedley AL, Dawson S, Pinchbeck GL, Williams NJ. Cross-sectional study of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in horses. Part 1: prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.. Equine Vet J 2012;44:289–296.
              doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00441.xpubmed: 21848534google scholar: lookup
            4. Peterson AE, Davis MF, Awantang G, Limbago B, Fosheim GE, Silbergeld EK. Correlation between animal nasal carriage and environmental methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates at U.S. horse and cattle farms.. Vet Microbiol 2012;160:539–543.
              doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.06.032pubmed: 22795260google scholar: lookup
            5. Tokateloff N, Manning ST, Weese JS, Campbell J, Rothenburger J, Stephen C, Bastura V, Gow SP, Reid-Smith R. Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization in horses in Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia.. Can Vet J 2009;50:1177–1180.
              pmc: PMC2764514pubmed: 20119542
            6. Weese JS, van Duijkeren E. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in veterinary medicine.. Vet Microbiol 2010;140:418–429.
              doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.01.039pubmed: 19246166google scholar: lookup
            7. Baptiste KE, Williams K, Willams NJ, Wattret A, Clegg PD, Dawson S, Corkill JE, O’Neill T, Hart CA. Methicillin-resistant staphylococci in companion animals.. Emerg Infect Dis 2005;11:1942–1944.
              doi: 10.3201/eid1112.050241pmc: PMC3367626pubmed: 16485485google scholar: lookup
            8. Sieber S, Gerber V, Jandova V, Rossano A, Evison JM, Perreten V. Evolution of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in horses and colonized personnel in an equine clinic between 2005 and 2010.. Microb Drug Resist 2011;17:471–478.
              doi: 10.1089/mdr.2010.0188pubmed: 21875361google scholar: lookup
            9. Cuny C, Strommenger B, Witte W, Stanek C. Clusters of infections in horses with MRSA ST1, ST254, and ST398 in a veterinary hospital.. Microb Drug Resist 2008;14:307–310.
              doi: 10.1089/mdr.2008.0845pubmed: 19025385google scholar: lookup
            10. Bergström K, Aspan A, Landén A, Johnston C, Grönlund-Andersson U. The first nosocomial outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in horses in Sweden.. Acta Vet Scand 2012;54:11.
              doi: 10.1186/1751-0147-54-11pmc: PMC3348035pubmed: 22316072google scholar: lookup
            11. Weese JS, Rousseau J, Willey BM, Archambault M, McGeer A, Low DE. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in horses at a veterinary teaching hospital: frequency, characterization, and association with clinical disease.. J Vet Intern Med 2006;20:182–186.
              doi: 10.1892/0891-6640(2006)20[182:MSAIHA]2.0.CO;2pubmed: 16496939google scholar: lookup
            12. Burton S, Reid-Smith R, McClure J, Weese J. Staphylococcus aureus colonization in healthy horses in Atlantic Canada.. Can Vet J 2008;49:797–799.
              pmc: PMC2465786pubmed: 18978975
            13. Loncaric I, Künzel F, Licka T, Simhofer H, Spergser J, Rosengarten R. Identification and characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from Austrian companion animals and horses.. Vet Microbiol 2014;168:381–387.
              doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.11.022pubmed: 24332703google scholar: lookup
            14. Van den Eede A, Hermans K, Van den Abeele A, Floré K, Dewulf J, Vanderhaeghen W, Némeghaire S, Butaye P, Gasthuys F, Haesebrouck F, Martens A. The nasal vestibulum is the optimal sampling site for MRSA screening in hospitalised horses.. Vet J 2013;197:415–419.
              doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.01.031pubmed: 23465751google scholar: lookup
            15. Van den Eede A, Martens A, Floré K, Denis O, Gasthuys F, Haesebrouck F, Van den Abeele A, Hermans K. MRSA carriage in the equine community: an investigation of horse-caretaker couples.. Vet Microbiol 2013;163:313–318.
              doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.12.038pubmed: 23434186google scholar: lookup
            16. van Duijkeren E, Moleman M, Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan MM, Multem J, Troelstra A, Fluit AC, van Wamel WJ, Houwers DJ, de Neeling AJ, Wagenaar JA. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in horses and horse personnel: an investigation of several outbreaks.. Vet Microbiol 2010;141:96–102.
              doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.08.009pubmed: 19740613google scholar: lookup
            17. Weese JS, DaCosta T, Button L, Goth K, Ethier M, Boehnke K. Isolation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from the environment in a veterinary teaching hospital.. J Vet Intern Med 2004;18:468–470.
              doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2004.tb02568.xpubmed: 15320581google scholar: lookup
            18. Seguin JC, Walker RD, Caron JP, Kloos WE, George CG, Hollis RJ, Jones RN, Pfaller MA. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus outbreak in a veterinary teaching hospital: potential human-to-animal transmission.. J Clin Microbiol 1999;37:1459–1463.
              pmc: PMC84801pubmed: 10203505
            19. Singh A, Walker M, Rousseau J, Monteith G, Weese J. Methicillin-resistant staphylococcal contamination of clothing worn by personnel in a veterinary teaching hospital.. Vet Surg 2013;42:643–648.
              doi: 10.1111/j.1532-950X.2013.12024.xpubmed: 23662728google scholar: lookup
            20. Kramer A, Schwebke I, Kampf G. How long do nosocomial pathogens persist on inanimate surfaces? A systematic review.. BCM Infect Dis 2006;6:130.
              doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-6-130pmc: PMC1564025pubmed: 16914034google scholar: lookup
            21. Hoet AE, Johnson A, Nava-Hoet RC, Bateman S, Hillier A, Dyce J, Gebreyes WA, Wittum TE. Environmental methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a veterinary teaching hospital during a nonoutbreak period.. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2011;11:609–615.
              doi: 10.1089/vbz.2010.0181pmc: PMC3391706pubmed: 21417926google scholar: lookup
            22. Bergström K, Nyman G, Widgren S, Johnston C, Grönlund-Andersson U, Ransjö U. Infection prevention and control interventions in the first outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in an equine hospital in Sweden.. Acta Vet Scand 2012;54:14.
              doi: 10.1186/1751-0147-54-14pmc: PMC3325856pubmed: 22401493google scholar: lookup
            23. Van Balen J, Kelley C, Nava-Hoet RC, Bateman S, Hillier A, Dyce J, Wittum TE, Hoet AE. Presence, distribution and molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a small animal teaching hospital: a year-long active surveillance targeting dogs and their environment.. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2013;13:299–311.
              doi: 10.1089/vbz.2012.1142pmc: PMC3636584pubmed: 23473216google scholar: lookup
            24. CLSI. Performance standards for antimicrobial disk and dilution susceptibility tests for bacteria isolated from animals.. Wayne, Pennsylvania, USA: Approved Standard. M31-A3, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI); 2008.
            25. Fiebelkorn KR, Crawford SA, McElmeel ML, Jorgensen JH. Practical disk diffusion method for detection of inducible clindamycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci.. J Clin Microbiol 2003;41:4740–4744.
              doi: 10.1128/JCM.41.10.4740-4744.2003pmc: PMC254362pubmed: 14532213google scholar: lookup
            26. Milheirico C, Oliveira DC, de Lencastre H. Update to the multiplex PCR strategy for assignment of mec element types in Staphylococcus aureus.. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007;51:3374–3377.
              doi: 10.1128/AAC.00275-07pmc: PMC2043198pubmed: 17576837google scholar: lookup
            27. CDC/Pulse-Net. Oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus on PulseNet (OPN): Laboratory Protocols for Molecular Typing of S. aureus by Pulsed-field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) (on line) [ http://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/pdf/ar_mras_PFGE_s_aureus.pdf] (consulted 21 March 2010). .
            28. Boyce JM. Environmental contamination makes an important contribution to hospital infection.. J Hosp Infect 2007;65:50–54.
              pubmed: 17540242
            29. Lin YC, Lauderdale TL, Lin HM, Chen PC, Cheng MF, Hsieh KS, Liu YC. An outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in patients of a pediatric intensive care unit and high carriage rate among health care workers.. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2007;40:325–334.
              pubmed: 17712467
            30. Otter JA, Yezli S, French GL. The role played by contaminated surfaces in the transmission of nosocomial pathogens.. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2011;32:687–699.
              doi: 10.1086/660363pubmed: 21666400google scholar: lookup
            31. McDougal L, Steward C, Killgore G, Chaitram J, McAllister S, Tenover F. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing of oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from the United States: establishing a national database.. J Clin Microbiol 2003;41:5113–5120.
              doi: 10.1128/JCM.41.11.5113-5120.2003pmc: PMC262524pubmed: 14605147google scholar: lookup
            32. Lin Y, Barker E, Kislow J, Kaldhone P, Stemper ME, Pantrangi M, Moore FM, Hall M, Fritsche TR, Novicki T, Foley SL, Shukla SK. Evidence of multiple virulence subtypes in nosocomial and community-associated MRSA genotypes in companion animals from the upper midwestern and northeastern United States.. Clin Med Res 2011;9:7–16.
              doi: 10.3121/cmr.2010.944pmc: PMC3064756pubmed: 20739580google scholar: lookup
            33. Walther B, Monecke S, Ruscher C, Friedrich AW, Ehricht R, Slickers P, Soba A, Wleklinski CG, Wieler LH, Lübke-Becker A. Comparative molecular analysis substantiates zoonotic potential of equine methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.. J Clin Microbiol 2009;47:704–710.
              doi: 10.1128/JCM.01626-08pmc: PMC2650932pubmed: 19109463google scholar: lookup
            34. Gorwitz R, Kruszon-Moran D, McAllister S, McQuillan G, McDougal L, Fosheim G, Jensen B, Killgore G, Tenover F, Kuehnert M. Changes in the prevalence of nasal colonization with Staphylococcus aureus in the United States, 2001-2004.. J Infect Dis 2008;197:1226–1234.
              doi: 10.1086/533494pubmed: 18422434google scholar: lookup
            35. Tenover F, Tickler I, Goering R, Kreiswirth B, Mediavilla J, Persing D. Characterization of nasal and blood culture isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from patients in United States Hospitals.. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012;56:1324–1330.
              doi: 10.1128/AAC.05804-11pmc: PMC3294931pubmed: 22155818google scholar: lookup
            36. Van den Eede A, Martens A, Lipinska U, Struelens M, Deplano A, Denis O, Haesebrouck F, Gasthuys F, Hermans K. High occurrence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 in equine nasal samples.. Vet Microbiol 2009;133:138–144.
              doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.06.021pubmed: 18701224google scholar: lookup

            Citations

            This article has been cited 19 times.
            1. Allano M, Arsenault J, Archambault M, Fairbrother JH, Sauvé F. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Colonization in Horses Admitted to a Veterinary Teaching Hospital. J Vet Intern Med 2025 May-Jun;39(3):e70027.
              doi: 10.1111/jvim.70027pubmed: 40135807google scholar: lookup
            2. Papouskova A, Drabkova Z, Brajerova M, Krutova M, Cizek A, Tkadlec J. The circulation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus between humans, horses and the environment at the equine clinic. J Antimicrob Chemother 2024 Nov 4;79(11):2901-2905.
              doi: 10.1093/jac/dkae303pubmed: 39212167google scholar: lookup
            3. Habibi N, Uddin S, Behbehani M, Mustafa AS, Al-Fouzan W, Al-Sarawi HA, Safar H, Alatar F, Al Sawan RMZ. Aerosol-Mediated Spread of Antibiotic Resistance Genes: Biomonitoring Indoor and Outdoor Environments. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2024 Jul 27;21(8).
              doi: 10.3390/ijerph21080983pubmed: 39200594google scholar: lookup
            4. Arif W, Thangaraj G, Srinivasan P, Srirama S, Devaraju P. Culex quinquefasciatus Mosquitoes Resist Acquisition of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Insights from Field and Laboratory Studies. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024 Jul 2;13(7).
              doi: 10.3390/antibiotics13070618pubmed: 39061300google scholar: lookup
            5. Khairullah AR, Sudjarwo SA, Effendi MH, Ramandinianto SC, Widodo A, Riwu KHP. A review of horses as a source of spreading livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to human health. Vet World 2022 Aug;15(8):1906-1915.
              doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.1906-1915pubmed: 36313842google scholar: lookup
            6. Soza-Ossandón P, Rivera D, Allel K, González-Rocha G, Quezada-Aguiluz M, San Martin I, García P, Moreno-Switt AI. Mec-Positive Staphylococcus Healthcare-Associated Infections Presenting High Transmission Risks for Antimicrobial-Resistant Strains in an Equine Hospital. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022 May 4;11(5).
              doi: 10.3390/antibiotics11050621pubmed: 35625265google scholar: lookup
            7. Nielsen SS, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin-Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortázar C, Herskin M, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Padalino B, Pasquali P, Roberts HC, Spoolder H, Ståhl K, Velarde A, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Baldinelli F, Broglia A, Kohnle L, Alvarez J. Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): antimicrobial-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in cattle and horses. EFSA J 2022 May;20(5):e07312.
              doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7312pubmed: 35582361google scholar: lookup
            8. Víglaš J, Dobiasová S, Viktorová J, Ruml T, Repiská V, Olejníková P, Gbelcová H. Peptaibol-Containing Extracts of Trichoderma atroviride and the Fight against Resistant Microorganisms and Cancer Cells. Molecules 2021 Oct 4;26(19).
              doi: 10.3390/molecules26196025pubmed: 34641569google scholar: lookup
            9. Little SV, Hillhouse AE, Lawhon SD, Bryan LK. Analysis of Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance Gene Carriage in Staphylococcus aureus Infections in Equids Using Whole-Genome Sequencing. mSphere 2021 Aug 25;6(4):e0019620.
              doi: 10.1128/mSphere.00196-20pubmed: 34346711google scholar: lookup
            10. Sato W, Sukmawinata E, Uemura R, Kanda T, Kusano K, Kambayashi Y, Sato T, Ishikawa Y, Toya R, Sueyoshi M. Antimicrobial resistance profiles and phylogenetic groups of Escherichia coli isolated from healthy Thoroughbred racehorses in Japan. J Equine Sci 2020;31(4):85-91.
              doi: 10.1294/jes.31.85pubmed: 33376444google scholar: lookup
            11. Linares M, Hicks C, Bowman AS, Hoet A, Stull JW. Infectious agents in feral swine in Ohio, USA (2009-2015): A low but evolving risk to agriculture and public health. Vet Anim Sci 2018 Dec;6:81-85.
              doi: 10.1016/j.vas.2018.06.002pubmed: 32734057google scholar: lookup
            12. Gebreyes WA, Jackwood D, de Oliveira CJB, Lee CW, Hoet AE, Thakur S. Molecular Epidemiology of Infectious Zoonotic and Livestock Diseases. Microbiol Spectr 2020 Mar;8(2).
              doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.AME-0011-2019pubmed: 32220263google scholar: lookup
            13. Waqar N, Amin Q, Munir T, Ikram MS, Shahzad N, Mirza A, Ali A, Arshad MI. A cross-sectional study of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at the equine-human interface. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019 Sep;51(7):1927-1933.
              doi: 10.1007/s11250-019-01888-0pubmed: 30972624google scholar: lookup
            14. Adams R, Smith J, Locke S, Phillips E, Erol E, Carter C, Odoi A. An epidemiologic study of antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus species isolated from equine samples submitted to a diagnostic laboratory. BMC Vet Res 2018 Feb 5;14(1):42.
              doi: 10.1186/s12917-018-1367-6pubmed: 29402294google scholar: lookup
            15. Haenni M, Châtre P, Dupieux-Chabert C, Métayer V, Bes M, Madec JY, Laurent F. Molecular Epidemiology of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Horses, Cats, and Dogs Over a 5-Year Period in France. Front Microbiol 2017;8:2493.
              doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02493pubmed: 29326664google scholar: lookup
            16. Rojas I, Barquero-Calvo E, van Balen JC, Rojas N, Muñoz-Vargas L, Hoet AE. High Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus at the Largest Veterinary Teaching Hospital in Costa Rica. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2017 Sep;17(9):645-653.
              doi: 10.1089/vbz.2017.2145pubmed: 28816638google scholar: lookup
            17. Bortolami A, Williams NJ, McGowan CM, Kelly PG, Archer DC, Corrò M, Pinchbeck G, Saunders CJ, Timofte D. Environmental surveillance identifies multiple introductions of MRSA CC398 in an Equine Veterinary Hospital in the UK, 2011-2016. Sci Rep 2017 Jul 14;7(1):5499.
              doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-05559-8pubmed: 28710350google scholar: lookup
            18. Koop G, Vrieling M, Storisteanu DM, Lok LS, Monie T, van Wigcheren G, Raisen C, Ba X, Gleadall N, Hadjirin N, Timmerman AJ, Wagenaar JA, Klunder HM, Fitzgerald JR, Zadoks R, Paterson GK, Torres C, Waller AS, Loeffler A, Loncaric I, Hoet AE, Bergström K, De Martino L, Pomba C, de Lencastre H, Ben Slama K, Gharsa H, Richardson EJ, Chilvers ER, de Haas C, van Kessel K, van Strijp JA, Harrison EM, Holmes MA. Identification of LukPQ, a novel, equid-adapted leukocidin of Staphylococcus aureus. Sci Rep 2017 Jan 20;7:40660.
              doi: 10.1038/srep40660pubmed: 28106142google scholar: lookup
            19. Steinman A, Masarwa S, Tirosh-Levy S, Gleser D, Kelmer G, Adler A, Carmeli Y, Schwaber MJ. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus spa Type t002 Outbreak in Horses and Staff at a Veterinary Teaching Hospital after Its Presumed Introduction by a Veterinarian. J Clin Microbiol 2015 Sep;53(9):2827-31.
              doi: 10.1128/JCM.00090-15pubmed: 26085620google scholar: lookup
            Subscribe to our newsletter
            Join 100,127 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.