FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Virol J / Multiple molecular detection of respiratory viruses and asso...
Virology journal2016; 13(1); 197; doi: 10.1186/s12985-016-0657-5

Multiple molecular detection of respiratory viruses and associated signs of airway inflammation in racehorses.

Abstract: The potential involvement of viruses in inflammatory airway disease (IAD) was previously investigated through either serology or PCR from nasopharyngeal swabs (NS). The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence and incidence of viral genome detection by qPCR in the equine airways, and their association with respiratory clinical signs. Both NS and tracheal washes (TW) were collected monthly on 52 Standardbred racehorses at training, over 27 consecutive months (581 samples). Equid herpesviruses (EHV)-1, -4, -2 and -5, equine rhinitis virus-A and -B (ERBV), equine adenovirus-1 and -2, equine coronavirus and equine influenza virus were systematically investigated in both NS and TW. Nasal discharge, coughing, tracheal mucus score and TW neutrophil proportions were simultaneously recorded. Genome for 7/10 viruses were detected at least once throughout the study; up to 4 different viruses being also concomitantly detected. Monthly incidence in TW was respectively 27.9% (EHV-5), 24.8% (EHV-2), 7.1% (ERBV), 3.8% (EHV-4), 1.9% (EAdV1) and 0.2% (EHV-1; ERAV). Neither agreement nor correlation between NS and TW was found for respectively genome detection and viral loads. Detection of viral genome in NS was not associated with any clinical sign. Coughing was significantly associated with TW detection of EHV-2 DNA (OR 3.1; P = 0.01) and ERBV RNA (OR 5.3; P < 0.001). Detection of EHV-2 DNA in TW was also significantly associated with excess tracheal mucus (OR 2.1; P = 0.02). Detection and quantification of EHV-2 and ERBV by qPCR in TW, but not in NS, should be considered when investigating horses with IAD.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2016-11-29 PubMed ID: 27899161PubMed Central: PMC5129218DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0657-5Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research article investigates the potential involvement of various viruses in inflammatory airway disease (IAD) found in racehorses. The study examines the frequency of viral genome detections and their relationship with clinical signs of respiratory conditions. The findings suggest that the testing of certain viruses in the equine airway may be beneficial when investigating horses with IAD.

Research Methodology

  • The study, conducted on 52 Standardbred racehorses over 27 consecutive months, utilized both nasopharyngeal swabs (NS) and tracheal washes (TW) to gather 581 samples.
  • These samples underwent systematic testing for the presence of equid herpesviruses (EHV-1, -2, -4, -5), equine rhinitis virus-A and -B (ERBV), equine adenovirus-1 and -2, equine coronavirus, and equine influenza virus in both the NS and TW samples.
  • Additionally, clinical signs such as nasal discharge, coughing, and the levels of tracheal mucus and TW neutrophils were concurrently reported.

Key Findings

  • Among all the viruses tested, seven were detected at least once throughout the study duration, with up to four viruses identified concurrently.
  • The monthly incidences of individual viruses in TW were recorded, ranging from a high of 27.9% for EHV-5 to a low of 0.2% for EHV-1 and ERAV.
  • Neither genetic detection nor viral loads showed any correlation between NS and TW samples.
  • Viral genome detection in NS was not associated with any clinical sign.
  • However, detection of EHV-2 DNA and ERBV RNA in TW positively correlated with coughing and high levels of tracheal mucus, signaling association with respiratory symptoms.

Implications

  • This research suggests that the detection and quantification of EHV-2 and ERBV by qPCR in TW samples can be considered when investigating IAD in horses, as NS samples were not as indicative.
  • These findings underscore the potential significance of viral testing in maintaining the respiratory health of racehorses for optimal performance.

Cite This Article

APA
Doubli-Bounoua N, Richard EA, Léon A, Pitel PH, Pronost S, Fortier G. (2016). Multiple molecular detection of respiratory viruses and associated signs of airway inflammation in racehorses. Virol J, 13(1), 197. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-016-0657-5

Publication

Virology journal
ISSN: 1743-422X
NlmUniqueID: 101231645
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 13
Issue: 1
Pages: 197
PII: 197

Researcher Affiliations

Doubli-Bounoua, Nadia
  • LABÉO Frank Duncombe, Caen, France.
  • Normandie Université, UNICAEN, EA 4655, U2RM, Caen, France.
Richard, Eric A
  • LABÉO Frank Duncombe, Caen, France. eric.richard@laboratoire-labeo.fr.
Léon, Albertine
  • LABÉO Frank Duncombe, Caen, France.
  • Normandie Université, UNICAEN, EA 4655, U2RM, Caen, France.
Pitel, Pierre-Hugues
  • LABÉO Frank Duncombe, Caen, France.
Pronost, Stéphane
  • LABÉO Frank Duncombe, Caen, France.
  • Normandie Université, UNICAEN, EA 4655, U2RM, Caen, France.
Fortier, Guillaume
  • LABÉO Frank Duncombe, Caen, France.
  • Normandie Université, UNICAEN, EA 4655, U2RM, Caen, France.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Female
  • Horse Diseases / diagnosis
  • Horses
  • Incidence
  • Inflammation / diagnosis
  • Inflammation / epidemiology
  • Inflammation / veterinary
  • Male
  • Molecular Diagnostic Techniques / methods
  • Nasopharynx / virology
  • Prevalence
  • RNA, Viral / genetics
  • RNA, Viral / isolation & purification
  • Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction / methods
  • Respiratory Tract Infections / diagnosis
  • Respiratory Tract Infections / epidemiology
  • Respiratory Tract Infections / veterinary
  • Trachea / virology
  • Veterinary Medicine / methods
  • Virus Diseases / epidemiology
  • Virus Diseases / veterinary
  • Virus Diseases / virology
  • Viruses / classification
  • Viruses / genetics
  • Viruses / isolation & purification

References

This article includes 32 references
  1. Richard EA, Fortier GD, Pitel PH, Dupuis MC, Valette JP, Art T, Denoix JM, Lekeux PM, Erck EV. Sub-clinical diseases affecting performance in Standardbred trotters: diagnostic methods and predictive parameters.. Vet J 2010 Jun;184(3):282-9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.04.016pubmed: 19477143google scholar: lookup
  2. Robinson NE. Inflammatory airway disease: defining the syndrome. Conclusions of the Havemeyer Workshop.. Equine Vet Educ 2010;15(2):61–3.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2003.tb00216.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  3. Couëtil LL, Hoffman AM, Hodgson J, Buechner-Maxwell V, Viel L, Wood JL, Lavoie JP. Inflammatory airway disease of horses.. J Vet Intern Med 2007 Mar-Apr;21(2):356-61.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.tb02975.xpubmed: 17427403google scholar: lookup
  4. Couëtil LL, Cardwell JM, Gerber V, Lavoie JP, Léguillette R, Richard EA. Inflammatory Airway Disease of Horses--Revised Consensus Statement.. J Vet Intern Med 2016 Mar-Apr;30(2):503-15.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.13824pmc: PMC4913592pubmed: 26806374google scholar: lookup
  5. Wood JL, Newton JR, Chanter N, Mumford JA. Association between respiratory disease and bacterial and viral infections in British racehorses.. J Clin Microbiol 2005 Jan;43(1):120-6.
    doi: 10.1128/JCM.43.1.120-126.2005pmc: PMC540098pubmed: 15634959google scholar: lookup
  6. Cardwell JM, Smith KC, Wood JL, Newton JR. Infectious risk factors and clinical indicators for tracheal mucus in British National Hunt racehorses.. Equine Vet J 2014 Mar;46(2):150-5.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12109pubmed: 23738942google scholar: lookup
  7. Fortier G, Richard E, Hue E, Fortier C, Pronost S, Pottier D, Lemaitre L, Lekeux P, Borchers K, Thiry E. Long-lasting airway inflammation associated with equid herpesvirus-2 in experimentally challenged horses.. Vet J 2013 Aug;197(2):492-5.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.12.027pubmed: 23433569google scholar: lookup
  8. Diaz-Méndez A, Hewson J, Shewen P, Nagy E, Viel L. Characteristics of respiratory tract disease in horses inoculated with equine rhinitis A virus.. Am J Vet Res 2014 Feb;75(2):169-78.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.75.2.169pubmed: 24471753google scholar: lookup
  9. Christley RM, Hodgson DR, Rose RJ, Wood JL, Reids SW, Whitear KG, Hodgson JL. A case-control study of respiratory disease in Thoroughbred racehorses in Sydney, Australia.. Equine Vet J 2001 May;33(3):256-64.
    doi: 10.2746/042516401776249796pubmed: 11352347google scholar: lookup
  10. Wood JL, Newton JR, Chanter N, Mumford JA. Inflammatory airway disease, nasal discharge and respiratory infections in young British racehorses.. Equine Vet J 2005 May;37(3):236-42.
    doi: 10.2746/0425164054530579pubmed: 15892233google scholar: lookup
  11. Cardwell JM, Smith KC, Wood JL, Newton JR. A longitudinal study of respiratory infections in British National Hunt racehorses.. Vet Rec 2013 Jun 15;172(24):637.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.101520pubmed: 23650184google scholar: lookup
  12. Back H, Ullman K, Treiberg Berndtsson L, Riihimäki M, Penell J, Ståhl K, Valarcher JF, Pringle J. Viral load of equine herpesviruses 2 and 5 in nasal swabs of actively racing Standardbred trotters: Temporal relationship of shedding to clinical findings and poor performance.. Vet Microbiol 2015 Sep 30;179(3-4):142-8.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.06.002pubmed: 26093774google scholar: lookup
  13. Houtsma A, Bedenice D, Pusterla N, Pugliese B, Mapes S, Hoffman AM, Paxson J, Rozanski E, Mukherjee J, Wigley M, Mazan MR. Association between inflammatory airway disease of horses and exposure to respiratory viruses: a case control study.. Multidiscip Respir Med 2015;10:33.
    doi: 10.1186/s40248-015-0030-3pmc: PMC4630835pubmed: 26535117google scholar: lookup
  14. Back H, Penell J, Pringle J, Isaksson M, Ronéus N, Treiberg Berndtsson L, Ståhl K. A longitudinal study of poor performance and subclinical respiratory viral activity in Standardbred trotters.. Vet Rec Open 2015;2(1):e000107.
    doi: 10.1136/vetreco-2014-000107pmc: PMC4567161pubmed: 26392904google scholar: lookup
  15. Gerber V, Straub R, Marti E, Hauptman J, Herholz C, King M, Imhof A, Tahon L, Robinson NE. Endoscopic scoring of mucus quantity and quality: observer and horse variance and relationship to inflammation, mucus viscoelasticity and volume.. Equine Vet J 2004 Nov;36(7):576-82.
    doi: 10.2746/0425164044864525pubmed: 15581321google scholar: lookup
  16. Maillard K, Richard EA, Kuhnert P, Fortier G, Léon A, Pitel P-H. Isolation of nicoletella semolina from equine tracheal washes.. J Equine Vet Sci 2013;33(7):561–4.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2012.08.002google scholar: lookup
  17. Richard EA, Fortier GD, Lekeux PM, Van Erck E. Laboratory findings in respiratory fluids of the poorly-performing horse.. Vet J 2010 Aug;185(2):115-22.
    pubmed: 19481964doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.05.003google scholar: lookup
  18. Hue ES, Fortier CI, Laurent AM, Quesnelle YF, Fortier GD, Legrand LJ, Pronost SL. Development and Validation of a Quantitative PCR Method for Equid Herpesvirus-2 Diagnostics in Respiratory Fluids.. J Vis Exp 2016 Mar 17;(109).
    pmc: PMC4829031pubmed: 27022998doi: 10.3791/53672google scholar: lookup
  19. Deer DM, Lampel KA, González-Escalona N. A versatile internal control for use as DNA in real-time PCR and as RNA in real-time reverse transcription PCR assays.. Lett Appl Microbiol 2010 Apr;50(4):366-72.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1472-765X.2010.02804.xpubmed: 20149084google scholar: lookup
  20. Pusterla N, Hussey SB, Mapes S, Leutenegger CM, Madigan JE, Ferraro GL, Wilson WD, Lunn DP. Comparison of four methods to quantify Equid herpesvirus 1 load by real-time polymerase chain reaction in nasal secretions of experimentally and naturally infected horses.. J Vet Diagn Invest 2009 Nov;21(6):836-40.
    doi: 10.1177/104063870902100611pubmed: 19901285google scholar: lookup
  21. Dynon K, Black WD, Ficorilli N, Hartley CA, Studdert MJ. Detection of viruses in nasal swab samples from horses with acute, febrile, respiratory disease using virus isolation, polymerase chain reaction and serology.. Aust Vet J 2007 Jan-Feb;85(1-2):46-50.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2006.00096.xpubmed: 17300454google scholar: lookup
  22. Pusterla N, Mapes S, Wademan C, White A, Hodzic E. Investigation of the role of lesser characterised respiratory viruses associated with upper respiratory tract infections in horses.. Vet Rec 2013 Mar 23;172(12):315.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.100943pubmed: 23423483google scholar: lookup
  23. Quinlivan M, Maxwell G, Lyons P, Arkins S, Cullinane A. Real-time RT-PCR for the detection and quantitative analysis of equine rhinitis viruses.. Equine Vet J 2010 Mar;42(2):98-104.
    doi: 10.2746/042516409X479559pubmed: 20156243google scholar: lookup
  24. Burrell MH, Wood JL, Whitwell KE, Chanter N, Mackintosh ME, Mumford JA. Respiratory disease in thoroughbred horses in training: the relationships between disease and viruses, bacteria and environment.. Vet Rec 1996 Sep 28;139(13):308-13.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.139.13.308pubmed: 8893488google scholar: lookup
  25. Hue ES, Fortier GD, Fortier CI, Leon AM, Richard EA, Legrand LJ, Pronost SL. Detection and quantitation of equid gammaherpesviruses (EHV-2, EHV-5) in nasal swabs using an accredited standardised quantitative PCR method.. J Virol Methods 2014 Mar;198:18-25.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.12.008pubmed: 24370678google scholar: lookup
  26. Brault SA, Bird BH, Balasuriya UB, MacLachlan NJ. Genetic heterogeneity and variation in viral load during equid herpesvirus-2 infection of foals.. Vet Microbiol 2011 Jan 27;147(3-4):253-61.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.06.031pubmed: 20655670google scholar: lookup
  27. Fortier G, Pronost S, Miszczak F, Fortier C, Léon A, Richard E, Van Erck E, Thiry E, Lekeux P. Identification of equid herpesvirus-5 in respiratory liquids: a retrospective study of 785 samples taken in 2006-2007.. Vet J 2009 Nov;182(2):346-8.
    pubmed: 18757217doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.07.004google scholar: lookup
  28. Wong DM, Belgrave RL, Williams KJ, Del Piero F, Alcott CJ, Bolin SR, Marr CM, Nolen-Walston R, Myers RK, Wilkins PA. Multinodular pulmonary fibrosis in five horses.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008 Mar 15;232(6):898-905.
    doi: 10.2460/javma.232.6.898pubmed: 18341449google scholar: lookup
  29. Diaz-Mendez A, Viel L, Hewson J, Doig P, Carman S, Chambers T, Tiwari A, Dewey C. Surveillance of equine respiratory viruses in Ontario.. Can J Vet Res 2010 Oct;74(4):271-8.
    pmc: PMC2949340pubmed: 21197227
  30. Horsington J, Lynch SE, Gilkerson JR, Studdert MJ, Hartley CA. Equine picornaviruses: well known but poorly understood.. Vet Microbiol 2013 Nov 29;167(1-2):78-85.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.05.012pubmed: 23820049google scholar: lookup
  31. Fortier G, van Erck E, Fortier C, Richard E, Pottier D, Pronost S, Miszczak F, Thiry E, Lekeux P. Herpesviruses in respiratory liquids of horses: putative implication in airway inflammation and association with cytological features.. Vet Microbiol 2009 Oct 20;139(1-2):34-41.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.04.021pubmed: 19427139google scholar: lookup
  32. Millerick-May ML, Karmaus W, Derksen FJ, Berthold B, Robinson NE. Airborne particulates (PM10) and tracheal mucus: A case-control study at an American Thoroughbred racetrack.. Equine Vet J 2015 Jul;47(4):410-4.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12303pubmed: 24905487google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 15 times.
  1. Lemonnier LC, Couroucé A, Cessans M, Petit L, Cardwell JM, Barbazanges P, Toquet M-, Richard EA. Detection of fungi in the airways of horses according to the sample site: a methodological study. Vet Res Commun 2023 Sep 13;.
    doi: 10.1007/s11259-023-10213-ypubmed: 37704768google scholar: lookup
  2. Wang T, Xi C, Yu Y, Liu W, Akhtar MF, Li Y, Wang C, Li L. Characteristics and epidemiological investigation of equid herpesvirus 8 in donkeys in Shandong, China. Arch Virol 2023 Mar 4;168(3):99.
    doi: 10.1007/s00705-023-05704-xpubmed: 36871102google scholar: lookup
  3. Finger MA, Biava JS, Dornbusch PT, Perotta JH, Ullmann LS, Serpa PBDS, Kmetiuk LB, Dos Santos AP, Biondo AW, Leutenegger C, Filho IRB. Molecular detection of equid herpesvirus in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from asymptomatic horses in Southern Brazil. Vet World 2022 Nov;15(11):2597-2602.
    doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2597-2602pubmed: 36590117google scholar: lookup
  4. Wilcox A, Barnum S, Wademan C, Corbin R, Escobar E, Hodzic E, Schumacher S, Pusterla N. Frequency of Detection of Respiratory Pathogens in Clinically Healthy Show Horses Following a Multi-County Outbreak of Equine Herpesvirus-1 Myeloencephalopathy in California. Pathogens 2022 Oct 8;11(10).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens11101161pubmed: 36297218google scholar: lookup
  5. Pusterla N, Barnum S, Young A, Mendonsa E, Lee S, Hankin S, Brittner S, Finno CJ. Molecular Monitoring of EHV-1 in Silently Infected Performance Horses through Nasal and Environmental Sample Testing. Pathogens 2022 Jun 24;11(7).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens11070720pubmed: 35889966google scholar: lookup
  6. Thieulent CJ, Sutton G, Toquet MP, Fremaux S, Hue E, Fortier C, Pléau A, Deslis A, Abrioux S, Guitton E, Pronost S, Paillot R. Oral Administration of Valganciclovir Reduces Clinical Signs, Virus Shedding and Cell-Associated Viremia in Ponies Experimentally Infected with the Equid Herpesvirus-1 C(2254) Variant. Pathogens 2022 May 4;11(5).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens11050539pubmed: 35631060google scholar: lookup
  7. Lee SK, Choi J, Yoon J, Jung J, Park JY, Park J, Kim Y, Park JY, Park D. Molecular Detection of Equine Adenovirus 1 in Nasal Swabs from Horses in the Republic of Korea. Vet Sci 2022 Apr 13;9(4).
    doi: 10.3390/vetsci9040187pubmed: 35448685google scholar: lookup
  8. Couetil L, Cardwell JM, Leguillette R, Mazan M, Richard E, Bienzle D, Bullone M, Gerber V, Ivester K, Lavoie JP, Martin J, Moran G, Niedźwiedź A, Pusterla N, Swiderski C. Equine Asthma: Current Understanding and Future Directions. Front Vet Sci 2020;7:450.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00450pubmed: 32903600google scholar: lookup
  9. Davis KU, Sheats MK. Bronchoalveolar Lavage Cytology Characteristics and Seasonal Changes in a Herd of Pastured Teaching Horses. Front Vet Sci 2019;6:74.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00074pubmed: 30923711google scholar: lookup
  10. Rossi TM, Moore A, O'Sullivan TL, Greer AL. Equine Rhinitis A Virus Infection at a Standardbred Training Facility: Incidence, Clinical Signs, and Risk Factors for Clinical Disease. Front Vet Sci 2019;6:71.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00071pubmed: 30918893google scholar: lookup
  11. Kambayashi Y, Bannai H, Nemoto M, Kawanishi N, Niwa H, Tsujimura K. Comparative analysis of 3 qPCR primer-probe sets for the detection of equid alphaherpesvirus 1. J Vet Diagn Invest 2026 Jan;38(1):77-83.
    doi: 10.1177/10406387251379857pubmed: 41055561google scholar: lookup
  12. Tanaka Y, Watanabe K, Takeyama A, Tagami M, Hamano H, Fukumoto N, Nambo Y, Kobayashi Y. Non-suppurative and necrotizing testicular arteritis in the male reproductive organs of a heavy draft horse. J Equine Sci 2024 Mar;35(1):15-19.
    doi: 10.1294/jes.35.15pubmed: 38524753google scholar: lookup
  13. Leduc L, Costa M, Leclère M. The Microbiota and Equine Asthma: An Integrative View of the Gut-Lung Axis. Animals (Basel) 2024 Jan 13;14(2).
    doi: 10.3390/ani14020253pubmed: 38254421google scholar: lookup
  14. Lawton K, Runk D, Hankin S, Mendonsa E, Hull D, Barnum S, Pusterla N. Detection of Selected Equine Respiratory Pathogens in Stall Samples Collected at a Multi-Week Equestrian Show during the Winter Months. Viruses 2023 Oct 11;15(10).
    doi: 10.3390/v15102078pubmed: 37896855google scholar: lookup
  15. Pusterla N, Kalscheur M, Peters D, Bidwell L, Holtz S, Barnum S, Lawton K, Morrissey M, Schumacher S. Investigation of the Frequency of Detection of Common Respiratory Pathogens in Nasal Secretions and Environment of Healthy Sport Horses Attending a Multi-Week Show Event during the Summer Months. Viruses 2023 May 24;15(6).
    doi: 10.3390/v15061225pubmed: 37376525google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,357 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.