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ChemistryOpen2026; 15(10); e70300; doi: 10.1002/open.70300

Multitechnique Physicochemical Characterization of Horse Hoof Trimmings as Sustainable and Untapped Keratin Source.

Abstract: In the keratin-rich biomass scenario, horse hoof trimmings play a marginal role due to the limited volume and the scarce background on material features, despite added values such as cruelty-free, localized and routine production and traceability. This work presents a multitechnique characterization of horse hooves, including physicochemical, structural, thermal, and compositional analysis, providing a solid background knowledge of material features, mandatory for upcycling strategy definition. FT-IR, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, SEM-EDX, thermogravimetric analysis, and elemental characterization are conducted on powdered samples obtained using various approaches. The material exhibited structural features typical of hard α-keratin, with semicrystalline organization and high thermal stability. A relatively high higher heating value (21.9 MJ kg) highlights its potential for energy recovery routes, while structural robustness suggests suitability for material-oriented valorization pathways. Lastly, the issue of metal contamination, attributable to shoeing practices, is systematically evaluated and correlated with shoeing habits, sampling region, and milling. Overall, this study positions horse hoof waste as a promising alternative keratin-based biomass and provides the necessary physicochemical framework to support its integration into circular bioeconomy strategies.
© 2026 The Authors. ChemistryOpen published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH.
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Publication Date: 2026-09-21 PubMed ID: 42765635PubMed Central: PMC13592131DOI: 10.1002/open.70300Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Horse hoof trimmings have been characterized using multiple analytical techniques to assess their potential as a sustainable and underutilized source of keratin. This study provides comprehensive physicochemical data supporting their use in energy recovery and material valorization, while addressing contamination issues related to shoeing.

Introduction and Context

  • Keratin-rich biomass is a valuable resource, typically sourced from materials like wool, feathers, and horns.
  • Horse hoof trimmings, despite being keratin-rich, have been underused due to limited production volumes and lack of detailed material characterization.
  • Advantages of horse hoof trimmings include being cruelty-free, routinely produced as part of horse care, locally available, and traceable.
  • This study aims to fill the knowledge gap by providing a thorough physicochemical characterization of horse hoof biomass to enable sustainable upcycling strategies.

Methodological Approach

  • Samples: Powdered horse hoof trimmings obtained through various milling approaches.
  • Techniques applied:
    • Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR)
    • Raman spectroscopy
    • X-ray powder diffraction (XRD)
    • Scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX)
    • Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)
    • Elemental characterization and higher heating value (HHV) testing

Key Findings

  • Structural Features:
    • Hoof material displays characteristics typical of hard α-keratin proteins.
    • Shows semicrystalline organization indicating ordered and disordered regions within the protein structure.
    • High thermal stability consistent with durable keratinous materials.
  • Thermal and Energy Properties:
    • Higher heating value determined at 21.9 MJ/kg, suggesting good potential as a bioenergy source.
    • Thermal robustness supports possible thermal processing or conversion for energy recovery.
  • Material Valorization Potential:
    • The integrity and robustness of the keratin structure indicate promise for use in material science applications (e.g., bioplastics, composites).
  • Metal Contamination:
    • Detected metal traces linked to horse shoeing practices, which could affect material purity.
    • Contamination levels correlated with shoeing habits, geographical origin of samples, and milling approaches.
    • This factor is crucial to consider for safe valorization strategies, especially where material purity is essential.

Implications and Conclusion

  • The study establishes horse hoof trimming waste as a promising, sustainable, and underexplored keratin source.
  • Provides a necessary physicochemical profile to inform strategies for circular bioeconomy integration, such as:
    • Formulating energy recovery processes (combustion, pyrolysis, etc.)
    • Designing keratin-based materials or composites
    • Considering contamination control during processing
  • Encourages leveraging routine horse care byproducts, improving resource efficiency and sustainability.

Cite This Article

APA
Trigueros E, Magnaghi LR, Vita L, Doveri LR, Sturini M, Milanese C, Biesuz R. (2026). Multitechnique Physicochemical Characterization of Horse Hoof Trimmings as Sustainable and Untapped Keratin Source. ChemistryOpen, 15(10), e70300. https://doi.org/10.1002/open.70300

Publication

ChemistryOpen
ISSN: 2191-1363
NlmUniqueID: 101594811
Country: Germany
Language: English
Volume: 15
Issue: 10
Pages: e70300
PII: e70300

Researcher Affiliations

Trigueros, Esther
  • Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
  • Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Engineering, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.
  • Institute of Sustainable Processes, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.
Magnaghi, Lisa Rita
  • Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
  • INSTM, Unità di Ricerca di Pavia, Firenze, Italy.
Vita, Lorenzo De
  • Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
  • INSTM, Unità di Ricerca di Pavia, Firenze, Italy.
Doveri, Lavinia Rita
  • Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
Sturini, Michela
  • Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
Milanese, Chiara
  • Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
  • INSTM, Unità di Ricerca di Pavia, Firenze, Italy.
Biesuz, Raffaela
  • Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
  • INSTM, Unità di Ricerca di Pavia, Firenze, Italy.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Horses
  • Keratins / chemistry
  • Keratins / analysis
  • Hoof and Claw / chemistry
  • Spectrum Analysis, Raman
  • Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
  • Thermogravimetry
  • X-Ray Diffraction

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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