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Home / Equine Research Bank / J Vet Intern Med / Nasal transmission of equine parvovirus hepatitis.
Journal of veterinary internal medicine2022; 36(6); 2238-2244; doi: 10.1111/jvim.16569

Nasal transmission of equine parvovirus hepatitis.

Abstract: Equine parvovirus hepatitis (EqPV-H) is highly prevalent and causes subclinical to fatal hepatitis, which can occur in outbreaks. Whereas iatrogenic transmission is well documented, the mode of horizontal transmission is not known. The virus is shed in nasal, oral and fecal secretions, and PO transmission has been reported in a single horse. Objective: Investigate the efficiency of PO and nasal transmission of EqPV-H in a larger cohort. Methods: Prospective experimental transmission study. Eleven EqPV-H-negative horses were inoculated with 5 × 10 genome equivalents EqPV-H. Serum PCR and serology for EqPV-H were performed weekly and monthly, respectively. Horses first were inoculated PO, and then intranasally 8 weeks later. Results: No horse became viremic or seroconverted within 8 weeks after PO inoculation. After intranasal inoculation, 5 horses became viremic within 6 to 12 weeks and seroconverted within 10 to 19 weeks. After a period without monitoring from 12 to 19 weeks postinoculation, another 5 horses were found to be viremic at 19 to 22 weeks. The second set of 5 horses could have been infected by horizontal transmission from the first 5 because of cohousing. Conclusions: We demonstrated that EqPV-H can be transmitted nasally. The prolonged eclipse phase before detectable viremia indicates biosecurity measures to control spread could be impractical.
© 2022 The Authors. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. on behalf of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.
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Publication Date: 2022-10-17 PubMed ID: 36250682PubMed Central: PMC9708389DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16569Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article focuses on the study of the transmission methods of Equine Parvovirus Hepatitis (EqPV-H), a virus that affects horses and can cause severe to fatal liver conditions. The research demonstrated the ability of the virus to be transmitted nasally among horses.

Objective of the Study

  • The primary objective of this research was to examine the efficiency of oral and nasal transmission of EqPV-H among a substantial cohort of horses. The interest in this area of research comes from reported yet unconfirmed methods of this virus’s horizontal transmission.

Methodology

  • The researchers conducted a prospective experimental transmission study with 11 EqPV-H-negative horses.
  • The horses were first inoculated orally and then via the nasal route after 8 weeks.
  • Tests for the presence of the virus in the serum of the horses were performed using PCR and serology techniques on a weekly and monthly basis respectively.

Study Results

  • The study found that none of the horses became viremic or showed seroconversion within 8 weeks after oral transmission.
  • However, following nasal transmission, 5 horses became viremic within 6 to 12 weeks and showed signs of seroconversion within 10 to 19 weeks.
  • Furthermore, after a monitoring gap between 12 to 19 weeks post-inoculation, an additional 5 horses were found to be viremic at 19 to 22 weeks. The research team suggests that this second set of horses may have been infected by horizontal transmission from the initial group of horses due to their cohabitation.

Conclusion

  • The findings of this study demonstrate the ability of EqPV-H to be transmitted nasally among horses. The results hold implications for improved control efforts against the viral spread.
  • Notably, the study indicates a prolonged latency period (eclipse phase) before detectable viremia, suggesting that strategies to contain the spread of the virus could be challenging to implement effectively.

Cite This Article

APA
Tomlinson JE, Van de Walle GR. (2022). Nasal transmission of equine parvovirus hepatitis. J Vet Intern Med, 36(6), 2238-2244. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16569

Publication

Journal of veterinary internal medicine
ISSN: 1939-1676
NlmUniqueID: 8708660
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 36
Issue: 6
Pages: 2238-2244

Researcher Affiliations

Tomlinson, Joy E
  • Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
Van de Walle, Gerlinde R
  • Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.

MeSH Terms

  • Horses
  • Animals
  • Parvovirus
  • Parvoviridae Infections / veterinary
  • Hepatitis, Viral, Animal
  • Horse Diseases
  • Prospective Studies
  • Hepatitis

Grant Funding

  • K08 AI141767 / NIAID NIH HHS
  • K08AI141767 / National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
  • 2020-67015-31297 / National Institute of Food and Agriculture

Conflict of Interest Statement

The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.

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