FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Viruses / New Parvoviruses and Picornavirus in Tissues and Feces of Fo...
Viruses2021; 13(8); 1612; doi: 10.3390/v13081612

New Parvoviruses and Picornavirus in Tissues and Feces of Foals with Interstitial Pneumonia.

Abstract: Six foals with interstitial pneumonia of undetermined etiology from Southern California were analyzed by viral metagenomics. Spleen, lung, and colon content samples obtained during necropsy from each animal were pooled, and nucleic acids from virus-like particles enriched for deep sequencing. The recently described equine copiparvovirus named eqcopivirus, as well as three previously uncharacterized viruses, were identified. The complete ORFs genomes of two closely related protoparvoviruses, and of a bocaparvovirus, plus the partial genome of a picornavirus were assembled. The parvoviruses were classified as members of new ungulate protoparvovirus and bocaparvovirus species in the family. The picornavirus was classified as a new species in the genus of the family. Spleen, lung, and colon content samples from each foal were then tested for these viral genomes by nested PCR and RT-PCR. When present, parvoviruses were detected in both feces and spleen. The picornavirus, protoparvovirus, and eqcopivirus genomes were detected in the lungs of one animal each. Three foals were co-infected with the picornavirus and either a protoparvovirus, bocaparvovirus, or eqcopivirus. Two other foals were infected with a protoparvovirus only. No viral infection was detected in one animal. The complete ORFs of the first equine protoparvoviruses and bocaparvovirus, the partial ORF of the third equine picornavirus, and their detection in tissues of foals with interstitial pneumonia are described here. Testing the involvement of these viruses in fatal interstitial pneumonia or other equine diseases will require larger epidemiological and/or inoculation studies.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2021-08-14 PubMed ID: 34452477PubMed Central: PMC8402702DOI: 10.3390/v13081612Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This study investigates a type of pneumonia without known cause in young horses by examining the predisposing viruses. It identifies several novel viral species, namely eqcopivirus, protoparvoviruses, a bocaparvovirus, and a picornavirus, which were found in the organ samples and feces of the young horses. Further research is necessary to understand if these viruses cause the pneumonia or other horse diseases.

Metagenomic Analysis of Interstitial Pneumonia in Foals

  • The study is based on six young horses, or foals, suffering from interstitial pneumonia, a disease whose cause is yet to be clearly understood.
  • Viral metagenomic analysis – the study of viral genetic material – was carried out on samples drawn from the lungs, spleen, and colon of these animals after they had died, revealing the presence of several viruses.

Identification of Novel Viruses

  • The research identified the complete genome sequences of a newly described equine virus named eqcopivirus, two similar protoparvoviruses, and a bocaparvovirus. Also, a partial genome sequence of a picornavirus was discovered.
  • These new viruses were categorized into different species and families, broadening our understanding of equine virology.

Viral Detection in Tissue Samples and Feces

  • The researchers used nested PCR and RT-PCR, commonly used techniques in molecular biology, to detect these novel viruses in various tissue samples and feces from the foals.
  • The parvoviruses, namely eqcopivirus, protoparvoviruses, and bocaparvovirus were found in both organ tissue and feces. The picornavirus was found in the lung tissue of one horse.
  • Interestingly, three out of the six foals were found to be co-infected with the picornavirus and either the protoparvovirus, bocaparvovirus, or eqcopivirus. Two other foals were infected exclusively with the protoparvovirus. In one foal, no viral infection was detected.

Importance of Further Studies

  • This study provides the first detailed description of the genomes of multiple novel horse viruses and their presence in foals with interstitial pneumonia.
  • However, this research alone does not prove a link between these viruses and the cause of the disease. Widespread epidemiological studies are required to ascertain if they are the cause of interstitial pneumonia or other diseases in horses.

Cite This Article

APA
Altan E, Hui A, Li Y, Pesavento P, Asín J, Crossley B, Deng X, Uzal FA, Delwart E. (2021). New Parvoviruses and Picornavirus in Tissues and Feces of Foals with Interstitial Pneumonia. Viruses, 13(8), 1612. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13081612

Publication

Viruses
ISSN: 1999-4915
NlmUniqueID: 101509722
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 13
Issue: 8
PII: 1612

Researcher Affiliations

Altan, Eda
  • Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.
  • Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.
Hui, Alvin
  • Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.
Li, Yanpeng
  • Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.
  • Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.
Pesavento, Patricia
  • Department of Pathology Microbiology and Immunology, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
Asín, Javier
  • Department of Pathology Microbiology and Immunology, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
  • California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
Crossley, Beate
  • California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
  • Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
Deng, Xutao
  • Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.
  • Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.
Uzal, Francisco A
  • Department of Pathology Microbiology and Immunology, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
  • California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
Delwart, Eric
  • Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.
  • Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.

MeSH Terms

  • Age Factors
  • Animals
  • Feces / virology
  • Genome, Viral
  • Horse Diseases / mortality
  • Horse Diseases / virology
  • Horses
  • Lung Diseases, Interstitial / mortality
  • Lung Diseases, Interstitial / veterinary
  • Lung Diseases, Interstitial / virology
  • Metagenomics
  • Parvovirus / classification
  • Parvovirus / genetics
  • Parvovirus / isolation & purification
  • Phylogeny
  • Picornaviridae / classification
  • Picornaviridae / genetics
  • Picornaviridae / isolation & purification
  • Virus Diseases / mortality
  • Virus Diseases / veterinary

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

This article includes 53 references
  1. Gilkerson JR, Bailey KE, Diaz-Méndez A, Hartley CA. Update on viral diseases of the equine respiratory tract.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2015 Apr;31(1):91-104.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2014.11.007pubmed: 25648568google scholar: lookup
  2. Kumar B, Manuja A, Gulati BR, Virmani N, Tripathi BN. Zoonotic Viral Diseases of Equines and Their Impact on Human and Animal Health.. Open Virol J 2018;12:80-98.
    doi: 10.2174/1874357901812010080pmc: PMC6142672pubmed: 30288197google scholar: lookup
  3. Middleton DJ, Riddell S, Klein R, Arkinstall R, Haining J, Frazer L, Mottley C, Evans R, Johnson D, Pallister J. Experimental Hendra virus infection of dogs: virus replication, shedding and potential for transmission.. Aust Vet J 2017 Jan;95(1-2):10-18.
    doi: 10.1111/avj.12552pubmed: 28124415google scholar: lookup
  4. Pusterla N, Vin R, Leutenegger CM, Mittel LD, Divers TJ. Enteric coronavirus infection in adult horses.. Vet J 2018 Jan;231:13-18.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.11.004pmc: PMC7110460pubmed: 29429482google scholar: lookup
  5. Khusro A, Aarti C, Rivas-Caceres RR, Barbabosa-Pliego A. Equine Herpesvirus-I Infection in Horses: Recent Updates on its Pathogenicity, Vaccination, and Preventive Management Strategies.. J Equine Vet Sci 2020 Apr;87:102923.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.102923pubmed: 32172913google scholar: lookup
  6. Ma G, Azab W, Osterrieder N. Equine herpesviruses type 1 (EHV-1) and 4 (EHV-4)--masters of co-evolution and a constant threat to equids and beyond.. Vet Microbiol 2013 Nov 29;167(1-2):123-34.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.06.018pubmed: 23890672google scholar: lookup
  7. Hartley CA, Dynon KJ, Mekuria ZH, El-Hage CM, Holloway SA, Gilkerson JR. Equine gammaherpesviruses: perfect parasites?. Vet Microbiol 2013 Nov 29;167(1-2):86-92.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.05.031pubmed: 23845734google scholar: lookup
  8. Punsmann S, Hoppe J, Klopfleisch R, Venner M. Acute interstitial pneumonia in foals: A severe, multifactorial syndrome with lung tissue recovery in surviving foals.. Equine Vet J 2021 Jul;53(4):718-726.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.13355pubmed: 32986272google scholar: lookup
  9. Buergelt CD, Hines SA, Cantor G, Stirk A, Wilson JH. A retrospective study of proliferative interstitial lung disease of horses in Florida.. Vet Pathol 1986 Nov;23(6):750-6.
    doi: 10.1177/030098588602300614pubmed: 3811140google scholar: lookup
  10. Prescott JF. Rhodococcus equi: an animal and human pathogen.. Clin Microbiol Rev 1991 Jan;4(1):20-34.
    doi: 10.1128/CMR.4.1.20pmc: PMC358176pubmed: 2004346google scholar: lookup
  11. Lakritz J, Wilson WD, Berry CR, Schrenzel MD, Carlson GP, Madigan JE. Bronchointerstitial pneumonia and respiratory distress in young horses: clinical, clinicopathologic, radiographic, and pathological findings in 23 cases (1984-1989).. J Vet Intern Med 1993 Sep-Oct;7(5):277-88.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.1993.tb01020.xpubmed: 8263846google scholar: lookup
  12. Dunkel B, Dolente B, Boston RC. Acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome in 15 foals.. Equine Vet J 2005 Sep;37(5):435-40.
    doi: 10.2746/042516405774480094pubmed: 16163946google scholar: lookup
  13. Cann AJ, Fandrich SE, Heaphy S. Analysis of the virus population present in equine faeces indicates the presence of hundreds of uncharacterized virus genomes.. Virus Genes 2005 Mar;30(2):151-6.
    doi: 10.1007/s11262-004-5624-3pubmed: 15744573google scholar: lookup
  14. Steel O, Kraberger S, Sikorski A, Young LM, Catchpole RJ, Stevens AJ, Ladley JJ, Coray DS, Stainton D, Dayaram A, Julian L, van Bysterveldt K, Varsani A. Circular replication-associated protein encoding DNA viruses identified in the faecal matter of various animals in New Zealand.. Infect Genet Evol 2016 Sep;43:151-64.
    doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.05.008pubmed: 27211884google scholar: lookup
  15. Liu H, Zhang X, Li LX, Shi N, Sun XT, Liu Q, Jin NY, Si XK. First isolation and characterization of Getah virus from cattle in northeastern China.. BMC Vet Res 2019 Sep 5;15(1):320.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-019-2061-zpmc: PMC6729113pubmed: 31488162google scholar: lookup
  16. Chandriani S, Skewes-Cox P, Zhong W, Ganem DE, Divers TJ, Van Blaricum AJ, Tennant BC, Kistler AL. Identification of a previously undescribed divergent virus from the Flaviviridae family in an outbreak of equine serum hepatitis.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013 Apr 9;110(15):E1407-15.
    doi: 10.1073/pnas.1219217110pmc: PMC3625295pubmed: 23509292google scholar: lookup
  17. Kapoor A, Simmonds P, Cullen JM, Scheel TK, Medina JL, Giannitti F, Nishiuchi E, Brock KV, Burbelo PD, Rice CM, Lipkin WI. Identification of a pegivirus (GB virus-like virus) that infects horses.. J Virol 2013 Jun;87(12):7185-90.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.00324-13pmc: PMC3676142pubmed: 23596285google scholar: lookup
  18. Lyons S, Kapoor A, Sharp C, Schneider BS, Wolfe ND, Culshaw G, Corcoran B, McGorum BC, Simmonds P. Nonprimate hepaciviruses in domestic horses, United kingdom.. Emerg Infect Dis 2012 Dec;18(12):1976-82.
    doi: 10.3201/eid1812.120498pmc: PMC3557883pubmed: 23171728google scholar: lookup
  19. Lyons S, Kapoor A, Schneider BS, Wolfe ND, Culshaw G, Corcoran B, Durham AE, Burden F, McGorum BC, Simmonds P. Viraemic frequencies and seroprevalence of non-primate hepacivirus and equine pegiviruses in horses and other mammalian species.. J Gen Virol 2014 Aug;95(Pt 8):1701-1711.
    doi: 10.1099/vir.0.065094-0pubmed: 24814924google scholar: lookup
  20. Tomlinson JE, Wolfisberg R, Fahnøe U, Sharma H, Renshaw RW, Nielsen L, Nishiuchi E, Holm C, Dubovi E, Rosenberg BR, Tennant BC, Bukh J, Kapoor A, Divers TJ, Rice CM, Van de Walle GR, Scheel TKH. Equine pegiviruses cause persistent infection of bone marrow and are not associated with hepatitis.. PLoS Pathog 2020 Jul;16(7):e1008677.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008677pmc: PMC7375656pubmed: 32649726google scholar: lookup
  21. Divers TJ, Tennant BC, Kumar A, McDonough S, Cullen J, Bhuva N, Jain K, Chauhan LS, Scheel TKH, Lipkin WI, Laverack M, Trivedi S, Srinivasa S, Beard L, Rice CM, Burbelo PD, Renshaw RW, Dubovi E, Kapoor A. New Parvovirus Associated with Serum Hepatitis in Horses after Inoculation of Common Biological Product.. Emerg Infect Dis 2018 Feb;24(2):303-310.
    doi: 10.3201/eid2402.171031pmc: PMC5782890pubmed: 29350162google scholar: lookup
  22. Tomlinson JE, Jager M, Struzyna A, Laverack M, Fortier LA, Dubovi E, Foil LD, Burbelo PD, Divers TJ, Van de Walle GR. Tropism, pathology, and transmission of equine parvovirus-hepatitis.. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020;9(1):651-663.
    doi: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1741326pmc: PMC7144241pubmed: 32192415google scholar: lookup
  23. Li L, Giannitti F, Low J, Keyes C, Ullmann LS, Deng X, Aleman M, Pesavento PA, Pusterla N, Delwart E. Exploring the virome of diseased horses.. J Gen Virol 2015 Sep;96(9):2721-2733.
    doi: 10.1099/vir.0.000199pmc: PMC4635498pubmed: 26044792google scholar: lookup
  24. Altan E, Li Y, Sabino-Santos G Jr, Sawaswong V, Barnum S, Pusterla N, Deng X, Delwart E. Viruses in Horses with Neurologic and Respiratory Diseases.. Viruses 2019 Oct 14;11(10).
    doi: 10.3390/v11100942pmc: PMC6832430pubmed: 31614994google scholar: lookup
  25. Hui A, Altan E, Slovis N, Fletcher C, Deng X, Delwart E. Circovirus in Blood of a Febrile Horse with Hepatitis.. Viruses 2021 May 20;13(5).
    doi: 10.3390/v13050944pmc: PMC8161410pubmed: 34065502google scholar: lookup
  26. Smith KL, Li Y, Breheny P, Cook RF, Henney PJ, Sells S, Pronost S, Lu Z, Crossley BM, Timoney PJ, Balasuriya UB. New real-time PCR assay using allelic discrimination for detection and differentiation of equine herpesvirus-1 strains with A2254 and G2254 polymorphisms.. J Clin Microbiol 2012 Jun;50(6):1981-8.
    doi: 10.1128/JCM.00135-12pmc: PMC3372139pubmed: 22493339google scholar: lookup
  27. Ghoniem SM, El Deeb AH, Aggour MG, Hussein HA. Development and evaluation of a multiplex reverse-transcription real-time PCR assay for detection of equine respiratory disease viruses.. J Vet Diagn Invest 2018 Nov;30(6):924-928.
    doi: 10.1177/1040638718799388pmc: PMC6505849pubmed: 30239276google scholar: lookup
  28. Spackman E, Senne DA, Myers TJ, Bulaga LL, Garber LP, Perdue ML, Lohman K, Daum LT, Suarez DL. Development of a real-time reverse transcriptase PCR assay for type A influenza virus and the avian H5 and H7 hemagglutinin subtypes.. J Clin Microbiol 2002 Sep;40(9):3256-60.
    doi: 10.1128/JCM.40.9.3256-3260.2002pmc: PMC130722pubmed: 12202562google scholar: lookup
  29. Altan E, Delaney MA, Colegrove KM, Spraker TR, Wheeler EA, Deng X, Li Y, Gulland FMD, Delwart E. Complex Virome in a Mesenteric Lymph Node from a Californian Sea Lion (Zalophus Californianus) with Polyserositis and Steatitis.. Viruses 2020 Jul 23;12(8).
    doi: 10.3390/v12080793pmc: PMC7472147pubmed: 32718049google scholar: lookup
  30. Li L, Deng X, Mee ET, Collot-Teixeira S, Anderson R, Schepelmann S, Minor PD, Delwart E. Comparing viral metagenomics methods using a highly multiplexed human viral pathogens reagent.. J Virol Methods 2015 Mar;213:139-46.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.12.002pmc: PMC4344864pubmed: 25497414google scholar: lookup
  31. Brunak S, Engelbrecht J, Knudsen S. Prediction of human mRNA donor and acceptor sites from the DNA sequence.. J Mol Biol 1991 Jul 5;220(1):49-65.
    doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(91)90380-Opubmed: 2067018google scholar: lookup
  32. Kumar S, Stecher G, Li M, Knyaz C, Tamura K. MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across Computing Platforms.. Mol Biol Evol 2018 Jun 1;35(6):1547-1549.
    doi: 10.1093/molbev/msy096pmc: PMC5967553pubmed: 29722887google scholar: lookup
  33. Le SQ, Gascuel O. An improved general amino acid replacement matrix.. Mol Biol Evol 2008 Jul;25(7):1307-20.
    doi: 10.1093/molbev/msn067pubmed: 18367465google scholar: lookup
  34. Woo PCY, Lau SKP, Tsoi HW, Patteril NG, Yeung HC, Joseph S, Wong EYM, Muhammed R, Chow FWN, Wernery U, Yuen KY. Two novel dromedary camel bocaparvoviruses from dromedaries in the Middle East with unique genomic features.. J Gen Virol 2017 Jun;98(6):1349-1359.
    doi: 10.1099/jgv.0.000775pubmed: 28613145google scholar: lookup
  35. Patel JR, Heldens J. Equine herpesviruses 1 (EHV-1) and 4 (EHV-4)--epidemiology, disease and immunoprophylaxis: a brief review.. Vet J 2005 Jul;170(1):14-23.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2004.04.018pubmed: 15993786google scholar: lookup
  36. Singh RK, Dhama K, Karthik K, Khandia R, Munjal A, Khurana SK, Chakraborty S, Malik YS, Virmani N, Singh R, Tripathi BN, Munir M, van der Kolk JH. A Comprehensive Review on Equine Influenza Virus: Etiology, Epidemiology, Pathobiology, Advances in Developing Diagnostics, Vaccines, and Control Strategies.. Front Microbiol 2018;9:1941.
    doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01941pmc: PMC6135912pubmed: 30237788google scholar: lookup
  37. Chambers TM. A Brief Introduction to Equine Influenza and Equine Influenza Viruses.. Methods Mol Biol 2020;2123:355-360.
    doi: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0346-8_26pubmed: 32170701google scholar: lookup
  38. van Maanen C. Equine herpesvirus 1 and 4 infections: an update.. Vet Q 2002 Jun;24(2):58-78.
    doi: 10.1080/01652176.2002.9695126pubmed: 12095082google scholar: lookup
  39. PLUMMER G. An equine respiratory virus with enterovirus properties.. Nature 1962 Aug 4;195:519-20.
    doi: 10.1038/195519a0pubmed: 14487261google scholar: lookup
  40. Studdert MJ, Gleeson LJ. Isolation and characterisation of an equine rhinovirus.. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B 1978;25(3):225-37.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1978.tb01180.xpubmed: 207059google scholar: lookup
  41. Wutz G, Auer H, Nowotny N, Grosse B, Skern T, Kuechler E. Equine rhinovirus serotypes 1 and 2: relationship to each other and to aphthoviruses and cardioviruses.. J Gen Virol 1996 Aug;77 ( Pt 8):1719-30.
    doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-77-8-1719pubmed: 8760418google scholar: lookup
  42. Black WD, Wilcox RS, Stevenson RA, Hartley CA, Ficorilli NP, Gilkerson JR, Studdert MJ. Prevalence of serum neutralising antibody to equine rhinitis A virus (ERAV), equine rhinitis B virus 1 (ERBV1) and ERBV2.. Vet Microbiol 2007 Jan 17;119(1):65-71.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.08.031pubmed: 17046179google scholar: lookup
  43. Horsington J, Lynch SE, Gilkerson JR, Studdert MJ, Hartley CA. Equine picornaviruses: well known but poorly understood.. Vet Microbiol 2013 Nov 29;167(1-2):78-85.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.05.012pubmed: 23820049google scholar: lookup
  44. Zell R, Delwart E, Gorbalenya AE, Hovi T, King AMQ, Knowles NJ, Lindberg AM, Pallansch MA, Palmenberg AC, Reuter G, Simmonds P, Skern T, Stanway G, Yamashita T, Ictv Report Consortium. ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Picornaviridae.. J Gen Virol 2017 Oct;98(10):2421-2422.
    doi: 10.1099/jgv.0.000911pmc: PMC5725991pubmed: 28884666google scholar: lookup
  45. Cotmore SF, Agbandje-McKenna M, Canuti M, Chiorini JA, Eis-Hubinger AM, Hughes J, Mietzsch M, Modha S, Ogliastro M, Pénzes JJ, Pintel DJ, Qiu J, Soderlund-Venermo M, Tattersall P, Tijssen P, Ictv Report Consortium. ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Parvoviridae.. J Gen Virol 2019 Mar;100(3):367-368.
    doi: 10.1099/jgv.0.001212pmc: PMC6537627pubmed: 30672729google scholar: lookup
  46. Pénzes JJ, Söderlund-Venermo M, Canuti M, Eis-Hübinger AM, Hughes J, Cotmore SF, Harrach B. Reorganizing the family Parvoviridae: a revised taxonomy independent of the canonical approach based on host association.. Arch Virol 2020 Sep;165(9):2133-2146.
    doi: 10.1007/s00705-020-04632-4pubmed: 32533329google scholar: lookup
  47. Christensen A, Kesti O, Elenius V, Eskola AL, Døllner H, Altunbulakli C, Akdis CA, Söderlund-Venermo M, Jartti T. Human bocaviruses and paediatric infections.. Lancet Child Adolesc Health 2019 Jun;3(6):418-426.
    doi: 10.1016/S2352-4642(19)30057-4pubmed: 30948251google scholar: lookup
  48. Qiu J, Söderlund-Venermo M, Young NS. Human Parvoviruses.. Clin Microbiol Rev 2017 Jan;30(1):43-113.
    doi: 10.1128/CMR.00040-16pmc: PMC5217800pubmed: 27806994google scholar: lookup
  49. Ong DS, Schuurman R, Heikens E. Human bocavirus in stool: A true pathogen or an innocent bystander?. J Clin Virol 2016 Jan;74:45-9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.11.027pubmed: 26655268google scholar: lookup
  50. Manteufel J, Truyen U. Animal bocaviruses: a brief review.. Intervirology 2008;51(5):328-34.
    doi: 10.1159/000173734pubmed: 19023216google scholar: lookup
  51. Lu G, Wu L, Ou J, Li S. Equine Parvovirus-Hepatitis in China: Characterization of Its Genetic Diversity and Evidence for Natural Recombination Events Between the Chinese and American Strains.. Front Vet Sci 2020;7:121.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00121pmc: PMC7076910pubmed: 32211433google scholar: lookup
  52. Badenhorst M, de Heus P, Auer A, Tegtmeyer B, Stang A, Dimmel K, Tichy A, Kubacki J, Bachofen C, Steinmann E, Cavalleri JMV. Active equine parvovirus-hepatitis infection is most frequently detected in Austrian horses of advanced age.. Equine Vet J 2022 Mar;54(2):379-389.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.13444pubmed: 33704819google scholar: lookup
  53. Meister TL, Tegtmeyer B, Brüggemann Y, Sieme H, Feige K, Todt D, Stang A, Cavalleri JV, Steinmann E. Characterization of Equine Parvovirus in Thoroughbred Breeding Horses from Germany.. Viruses 2019 Oct 18;11(10).
    doi: 10.3390/v11100965pmc: PMC6833105pubmed: 31635426google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 6 times.
  1. López-Astacio RA, Adu OF, Lee H, Hafenstein SL, Parrish CR. The Structures and Functions of Parvovirus Capsids and Missing Pieces: the Viral DNA and Its Packaging, Asymmetrical Features, Nonprotein Components, and Receptor or Antibody Binding and Interactions.. J Virol 2023 Jul 27;97(7):e0016123.
    doi: 10.1128/jvi.00161-23pubmed: 37367301google scholar: lookup
  2. Bassi C, Guerriero P, Pierantoni M, Callegari E, Sabbioni S. Novel Virus Identification through Metagenomics: A Systematic Review.. Life (Basel) 2022 Dec 7;12(12).
    doi: 10.3390/life12122048pubmed: 36556413google scholar: lookup
  3. Pusterla N, James K, Barnum S, Bain F, Barnett DC, Chappell D, Gaughan E, Craig B, Schneider C, Vaala W. Frequency of Detection and Prevalence Factors Associated with Common Respiratory Pathogens in Equids with Acute Onset of Fever and/or Respiratory Signs (2008-2021).. Pathogens 2022 Jul 2;11(7).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens11070759pubmed: 35890002google scholar: lookup
  4. Yoon J, Park T, Kim A, Song H, Park BJ, Ahn HS, Go HJ, Kim DH, Lee JB, Park SY, Song CS, Lee SW, Choi IS. First Detection and Genetic Characterization of New Equine Parvovirus Species Circulating among Horses in Korea.. Vet Sci 2021 Nov 7;8(11).
    doi: 10.3390/vetsci8110268pubmed: 34822641google scholar: lookup
  5. Canuti M, Bouchard É, Rodrigues B, Whitney HG, Hopson M, Gilroy C, Stenson G, Dufour SC, Lang AS, Verhoeven JTP. Newlavirus, a Novel, Highly Prevalent, and Highly Diverse Protoparvovirus of Foxes (Vulpes spp.).. Viruses 2021 Sep 30;13(10).
    doi: 10.3390/v13101969pubmed: 34696399google scholar: lookup
  6. Pusterla N, James K, Barnum S, Delwart E. Investigation of Three Newly Identified Equine Parvoviruses in Blood and Nasal Fluid Samples of Clinically Healthy Horses and Horses with Acute Onset of Respiratory Disease.. Animals (Basel) 2021 Oct 19;11(10).
    doi: 10.3390/ani11103006pubmed: 34680025google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,357 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.