FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Metabolites2023; 13(6); 718; doi: 10.3390/metabo13060718

Novel Expression of GLUT3, GLUT6 and GLUT10 in Equine Gluteal Muscle Following Glycogen-Depleting Exercise: Impact of Dietary Starch and Fat.

Abstract: Horses have a slow rate of muscle glycogen repletion relative to other species for unknown reasons. Our aim was to determine the expression of glucose transporters () and genes impacting GLUT4 expression and translocation in the gluteal muscle. Five fit Thoroughbred horses performed glycogen-depleting exercises on high-starch (HS, 2869 g starch/day) and low-starch, high-fat diets (LS-HF, 358 g starch/d) with gluteal muscle biopsies obtained before and after depletion and during repletion. Muscle glycogen declined by ≈30% on both diets with little increase during repletion on LS-HF. Transcriptomic analysis identified differential expression (DE) of only 2/12 genes impacting GLUT4 translocation (two subunits of AMP protein kinase) and only at depletion on LS-HF. Only 1/13 genes encoding proteins that promote transcription had increased DE ( at depletion LS-HF). comprised ≈30% of total mRNA expression at rest. Remarkably, by 72 h of repletion expression of , and increased to ≈25% of total mRNA. Expression of and lagged from 24 h of repletion on HS to 72 h on LS-HF. Lacking an increase in gene expression in response to glycogen-depleting exercise, equine muscle increases , and expression potentially to enhance glucose transport, resembling responses observed in resistance trained GLUT4-null mice.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2023-06-01 PubMed ID: 37367876PubMed Central: PMC10301051DOI: 10.3390/metabo13060718Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research aimed at understanding why horses have a slower muscle glycogen repletion rate compared to other species and focused on the expression of glucose transporters and genes influencing GLUT4 expression in the gluteal muscle, using dietary variations and glycogen-depleting exercises in horses as investigation matrices. The researchers found that the lack of increase in GLUT4 gene expression in response to glycogen-depleting exercise, led to increased expressions of GLUT3, GLUT6, and GLUT10, possibly enhancing glucose transport.

Research Aim and Methodology

  • The primary objective of the research was to understand the reason behind the slow rate of muscle glycogen repletion in horses compared to other species.
  • The researchers focused on determining the expression of glucose transporters (GLUT) and genes affecting GLUT4 expression in the horse’s gluteal muscle.
  • Five Thoroughbred horses, maintained on high-starch and low-starch high-fat diets were made to undertake glycogen-depleting exercises. Gluteal muscle biopsies were taken before and after these exercises and during the repletion stage.

Findings and Data Analysis

  • The study found that muscle glycogen decreased by around 30% on both diets with little increase during the repletion stage on low-starch high-fat diets.
  • The transcriptomic analysis showed differential expression of only two out of twelve genes affecting GLUT4 translocation and at depletion only on low-starch, high-fat diet. Only one gene out of thirteen encoding proteins showed increased differential expression.
  • The study revealed that GLUT3 contributed to approximately 30% of total GLUT mRNA expression at rest. However, by the 72 hours of the repletion stage, the expression of GLUT3, GLUT6, and GLUT10 increased to almost 25% of the total GLUT mRNA.
  • The expressions of GLUT6 and GLUT10 lagged from 24 hours of repletion on a high-starch diet to 72 hours on a low-starch high-fat diet.

Conclusions

  • The study concluded that most likely due to the absence of an increase in GLUT4 gene expression in response to glycogen-depleting exercise, horse’s muscles increase the expression of GLUT3, GLUT6, and GLUT10. This response could be a mechanism to enhance glucose transport.
  • This reaction mirrors responses observed in resistance-trained GLUT4-null mice, suggesting that it might be a common adaptation in response to glycogen depletion.

Cite This Article

APA
Valberg SJ, Velez-Irizarry D, Williams ZJ, Pagan JD, Mesquita V, Waldridge B, Maresca-Fichter H. (2023). Novel Expression of GLUT3, GLUT6 and GLUT10 in Equine Gluteal Muscle Following Glycogen-Depleting Exercise: Impact of Dietary Starch and Fat. Metabolites, 13(6), 718. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo13060718

Publication

Metabolites
ISSN: 2218-1989
NlmUniqueID: 101578790
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 13
Issue: 6
PII: 718

Researcher Affiliations

Valberg, Stephanie J
  • McPhail Equine Performance Center, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson RD, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
Velez-Irizarry, Deborah
  • McPhail Equine Performance Center, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson RD, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
Williams, Zoe J
  • McPhail Equine Performance Center, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson RD, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
Pagan, Joe D
  • Kentucky Equine Research, 3910 Delany Ferry Rd., Versailles, KY 40383, USA.
Mesquita, Vanesa
  • Kentucky Equine Research, 3910 Delany Ferry Rd., Versailles, KY 40383, USA.
Waldridge, Brian
  • Kentucky Equine Research, 3910 Delany Ferry Rd., Versailles, KY 40383, USA.
Maresca-Fichter, Hailey
  • McPhail Equine Performance Center, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson RD, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.

Grant Funding

  • AA18-00 / Michigan Alliance for Animal Agriculture
  • none / Mary Anne McPhail Endowment at Michigan State University
  • none / Kentucky Equine Research

Conflict of Interest Statement

Joe Pagan is the President of Kentucky Equine Research and designed the original study that evaluated glycogen depletion. He had no role in analysis of muscle glycogen concentrations or the methodology or interpretation of the transcriptomic analysis and he approved the final version of the manuscript.

References

This article includes 55 references
  1. Costill DL, Sherman WM, Fink WJ, Maresh C, Witten M, Miller JM. The role of dietary carbohydrates in muscle glycogen resynthesis after strenuous running.. Am J Clin Nutr 1981 Sep;34(9):1831-6.
    doi: 10.1093/ajcn/34.9.1831pubmed: 7282610google scholar: lookup
  2. Richter EA, Hargreaves M. Exercise, GLUT4, and skeletal muscle glucose uptake.. Physiol Rev 2013 Jul;93(3):993-1017.
    doi: 10.1152/physrev.00038.2012pubmed: 23899560google scholar: lookup
  3. Hingst JR, Bruhn L, Hansen MB, Rosschou MF, Birk JB, Fentz J, Foretz M, Viollet B, Sakamoto K, Færgeman NJ, Havelund JF, Parker BL, James DE, Kiens B, Richter EA, Jensen J, Wojtaszewski JFP. Exercise-induced molecular mechanisms promoting glycogen supercompensation in human skeletal muscle.. Mol Metab 2018 Oct;16:24-34.
    doi: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.07.001pmc: PMC6158101pubmed: 30093357google scholar: lookup
  4. Ryder JW, Yang J, Galuska D, Rincón J, Björnholm M, Krook A, Lund S, Pedersen O, Wallberg-Henriksson H, Zierath JR, Holman GD. Use of a novel impermeable biotinylated photolabeling reagent to assess insulin- and hypoxia-stimulated cell surface GLUT4 content in skeletal muscle from type 2 diabetic patients.. Diabetes 2000 Apr;49(4):647-54.
    doi: 10.2337/diabetes.49.4.647pubmed: 10871204google scholar: lookup
  5. Flores-Opazo M, McGee SL, Hargreaves M. Exercise and GLUT4.. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2020 Jul;48(3):110-118.
    doi: 10.1249/JES.0000000000000224pubmed: 32568924google scholar: lookup
  6. Hussey SE, McGee SL, Garnham A, McConell GK, Hargreaves M. Exercise increases skeletal muscle GLUT4 gene expression in patients with type 2 diabetes.. Diabetes Obes Metab 2012 Aug;14(8):768-71.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2012.01585.xpubmed: 22340256google scholar: lookup
  7. Kuo CH, Browning KS, Ivy JL. Regulation of GLUT4 protein expression and glycogen storage after prolonged exercise.. Acta Physiol Scand 1999 Feb;165(2):193-201.
    doi: 10.1046/j.1365-201x.1999.00489.xpubmed: 10090331google scholar: lookup
  8. Snow D, Harris R. Effects of daily exercise on muscle glycogen in the Thoroughbred racehorse.. Equine Exerc. Physiol. 1991;3:299–304.
  9. Hyyppä S, Räsänen LA, Pösö AR. Resynthesis of glycogen in skeletal muscle from standardbred trotters after repeated bouts of exercise.. Am J Vet Res 1997 Feb;58(2):162-6.
    pubmed: 9028482
  10. Lacombe VA, Hinchcliff KW, Kohn CW, Devor ST, Taylor LE. Effects of feeding meals with various soluble-carbohydrate content on muscle glycogen synthesis after exercise in horses.. Am J Vet Res 2004 Jul;65(7):916-23.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2004.65.916pubmed: 15281649google scholar: lookup
  11. Lacombe VA, Hinchcliff KW, Geor RJ, Baskin CR. Muscle glycogen depletion and subsequent replenishment affect anaerobic capacity of horses.. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2001 Oct;91(4):1782-90.
    doi: 10.1152/jappl.2001.91.4.1782pubmed: 11568163google scholar: lookup
  12. Davie A, Evans D, Hodgson D, Rose R. Effects of intravenous dextrose infusion on muscle glycogen resynthesis after intense exercise.. Equine Vet. J. 1995;27:195–198.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1995.tb04918.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  13. Duehlmeier R, Hacker A, Widdel-Bigdely A, von Engelhardt W, Sallmann HP. Insulin stimulates GLUT4 translocation in the semitendinosus muscle of Shetland ponies.. Vet J 2010 May;184(2):176-81.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.01.024pubmed: 19278877google scholar: lookup
  14. de Laat MA, Clement CK, Sillence MN, McGowan CM, Pollitt CC, Lacombe VA. The impact of prolonged hyperinsulinaemia on glucose transport in equine skeletal muscle and digital lamellae.. Equine Vet J 2015 Jul;47(4):494-501.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12320pubmed: 24995680google scholar: lookup
  15. Uldry M, Thorens B. The SLC2 family of facilitated hexose and polyol transporters.. Pflugers Arch 2004 Feb;447(5):480-9.
    doi: 10.1007/s00424-003-1085-0pubmed: 12750891google scholar: lookup
  16. Joost HG, Thorens B. The extended GLUT-family of sugar/polyol transport facilitators: nomenclature, sequence characteristics, and potential function of its novel members (review).. Mol Membr Biol 2001 Oct-Dec;18(4):247-56.
    doi: 10.1080/09687680110090456pubmed: 11780753google scholar: lookup
  17. Waller AP, Burns TA, Mudge MC, Belknap JK, Lacombe VA. Insulin resistance selectively alters cell-surface glucose transporters but not their total protein expression in equine skeletal muscle.. J Vet Intern Med 2011 Mar-Apr;25(2):315-21.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0674.xpubmed: 21314720google scholar: lookup
  18. Lacombe VA. Expression and regulation of facilitative glucose transporters in equine insulin-sensitive tissue: from physiology to pathology.. ISRN Vet Sci 2014;2014:409547.
    doi: 10.1155/2014/409547pmc: PMC4060548pubmed: 24977043google scholar: lookup
  19. Valberg S, Essén-Gustavsson B, Lindholm A, Persson S. Energy metabolism in relation to skeletal muscle fibre properties during treadmill exercise.. Equine Vet J 1985 Nov;17(6):439-44.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1985.tb02551.xpubmed: 4076158google scholar: lookup
  20. Williams ZJ, Velez-Irizarry D, Petersen JL, Ochala J, Finno CJ, Valberg SJ. Candidate gene expression and coding sequence variants in Warmblood horses with myofibrillar myopathy.. Equine Vet J 2021 Mar;53(2):306-315.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.13286pmc: PMC7864122pubmed: 32453872google scholar: lookup
  21. Smeds L, Künstner A. ConDeTri--a content dependent read trimmer for Illumina data.. PLoS One 2011;6(10):e26314.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026314pmc: PMC3198461pubmed: 22039460google scholar: lookup
  22. Liao X, Li M, Zou Y, Wu FX, Pan Y, Wang J. An Efficient Trimming Algorithm based on Multi-Feature Fusion Scoring Model for NGS Data.. IEEE/ACM Trans Comput Biol Bioinform 2020 May-Jun;17(3):728-738.
    doi: 10.1109/TCBB.2019.2897558pubmed: 30736001google scholar: lookup
  23. Langmead B, Salzberg SL. Fast gapped-read alignment with Bowtie 2.. Nat Methods 2012 Mar 4;9(4):357-9.
    doi: 10.1038/nmeth.1923pmc: PMC3322381pubmed: 22388286google scholar: lookup
  24. Kim D, Pertea G, Trapnell C, Pimentel H, Kelley R, Salzberg SL. TopHat2: accurate alignment of transcriptomes in the presence of insertions, deletions and gene fusions.. Genome Biol 2013 Apr 25;14(4):R36.
    doi: 10.1186/gb-2013-14-4-r36pmc: PMC4053844pubmed: 23618408google scholar: lookup
  25. Trapnell C, Roberts A, Goff L, Pertea G, Kim D, Kelley DR, Pimentel H, Salzberg SL, Rinn JL, Pachter L. Differential gene and transcript expression analysis of RNA-seq experiments with TopHat and Cufflinks.. Nat Protoc 2012 Mar 1;7(3):562-78.
    doi: 10.1038/nprot.2012.016pmc: PMC3334321pubmed: 22383036google scholar: lookup
  26. Li H, Handsaker B, Wysoker A, Fennell T, Ruan J, Homer N, Marth G, Abecasis G, Durbin R. The Sequence Alignment/Map format and SAMtools.. Bioinformatics 2009 Aug 15;25(16):2078-9.
    doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btp352pmc: PMC2723002pubmed: 19505943google scholar: lookup
  27. Bolger AM, Lohse M, Usadel B. Trimmomatic: a flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data.. Bioinformatics 2014 Aug 1;30(15):2114-20.
    doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btu170pmc: PMC4103590pubmed: 24695404google scholar: lookup
  28. Law CW, Chen Y, Shi W, Smyth GK. voom: Precision weights unlock linear model analysis tools for RNA-seq read counts.. Genome Biol 2014 Feb 3;15(2):R29.
    doi: 10.1186/gb-2014-15-2-r29pmc: PMC4053721pubmed: 24485249google scholar: lookup
  29. Liu R, Holik AZ, Su S, Jansz N, Chen K, Leong HS, Blewitt ME, Asselin-Labat ML, Smyth GK, Ritchie ME. Why weight? Modelling sample and observational level variability improves power in RNA-seq analyses.. Nucleic Acids Res 2015 Sep 3;43(15):e97.
    doi: 10.1093/nar/gkv412pmc: PMC4551905pubmed: 25925576google scholar: lookup
  30. Robinson MD, Oshlack A. A scaling normalization method for differential expression analysis of RNA-seq data.. Genome Biol 2010;11(3):R25.
    doi: 10.1186/gb-2010-11-3-r25pmc: PMC2864565pubmed: 20196867google scholar: lookup
  31. McCarthy DJ, Chen Y, Smyth GK. Differential expression analysis of multifactor RNA-Seq experiments with respect to biological variation.. Nucleic Acids Res 2012 May;40(10):4288-97.
    doi: 10.1093/nar/gks042pmc: PMC3378882pubmed: 22287627google scholar: lookup
  32. Ho K. A critically swift response: insulin-stimulated potassium and glucose transport in skeletal muscle.. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2011 Jul;6(7):1513-6.
    doi: 10.2215/CJN.04540511pubmed: 21700825google scholar: lookup
  33. Taniguchi CM, Emanuelli B, Kahn CR. Critical nodes in signalling pathways: insights into insulin action.. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2006 Feb;7(2):85-96.
    doi: 10.1038/nrm1837pubmed: 16493415google scholar: lookup
  34. Im SS, Kwon SK, Kim TH, Kim HI, Ahn YH. Regulation of glucose transporter type 4 isoform gene expression in muscle and adipocytes.. IUBMB Life 2007 Mar;59(3):134-45.
    doi: 10.1080/15216540701313788pubmed: 17487684google scholar: lookup
  35. Michael LF, Wu Z, Cheatham RB, Puigserver P, Adelmant G, Lehman JJ, Kelly DP, Spiegelman BM. Restoration of insulin-sensitive glucose transporter (GLUT4) gene expression in muscle cells by the transcriptional coactivator PGC-1.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001 Mar 27;98(7):3820-5.
    doi: 10.1073/pnas.061035098pmc: PMC31136pubmed: 11274399google scholar: lookup
  36. Karnieli E, Armoni M. Transcriptional regulation of the insulin-responsive glucose transporter GLUT4 gene: from physiology to pathology.. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2008 Jul;295(1):E38-45.
    doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.90306.2008pubmed: 18492767google scholar: lookup
  37. Wallberg-Henriksson H, Zierath JR. GLUT4: a key player regulating glucose homeostasis? Insights from transgenic and knockout mice (review).. Mol Membr Biol 2001 Jul-Sep;18(3):205-11.
    doi: 10.1080/09687680110072131pubmed: 11681787google scholar: lookup
  38. McMillin SL, Schmidt DL, Kahn BB, Witczak CA. GLUT4 Is Not Necessary for Overload-Induced Glucose Uptake or Hypertrophic Growth in Mouse Skeletal Muscle.. Diabetes 2017 Jun;66(6):1491-1500.
    doi: 10.2337/db16-1075pmc: PMC5440020pubmed: 28279980google scholar: lookup
  39. Ren JM, Semenkovich CF, Gulve EA, Gao J, Holloszy JO. Exercise induces rapid increases in GLUT4 expression, glucose transport capacity, and insulin-stimulated glycogen storage in muscle.. J Biol Chem 1994 May 20;269(20):14396-401.
    doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)36636-Xpubmed: 8182045google scholar: lookup
  40. MacLean PS, Zheng D, Jones JP, Olson AL, Dohm GL. Exercise-induced transcription of the muscle glucose transporter (GLUT 4) gene.. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002 Mar 29;292(2):409-14.
    doi: 10.1006/bbrc.2002.6654pubmed: 11906177google scholar: lookup
  41. Dela F, Handberg A, Mikines KJ, Vinten J, Galbo H. GLUT 4 and insulin receptor binding and kinase activity in trained human muscle.. J Physiol 1993 Sep;469:615-24.
    doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1993.sp019833pmc: PMC1143890pubmed: 8271219google scholar: lookup
  42. Kraniou GN, Cameron-Smith D, Hargreaves M. Acute exercise and GLUT4 expression in human skeletal muscle: influence of exercise intensity.. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2006 Sep;101(3):934-7.
    doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01489.2005pubmed: 16763099google scholar: lookup
  43. Reynolds TH 4th, Brozinick JT Jr, Larkin LM, Cushman SW. Transient enhancement of GLUT-4 levels in rat epitrochlearis muscle after exercise training.. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2000 Jun;88(6):2240-5.
    doi: 10.1152/jappl.2000.88.6.2240pmc: PMC2754275pubmed: 10846041google scholar: lookup
  44. Nout YS, Hinchcliff KW, Jose-Cunilleras E, Dearth LR, Sivko GS, DeWille JW. Effect of moderate exercise immediately followed by induced hyperglycemia on gene expression and content of the glucose transporter-4 protein in skeletal muscles of horses.. Am J Vet Res 2003 Nov;64(11):1401-8.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2003.64.1401pubmed: 14620777google scholar: lookup
  45. McCutcheon LJ, Geor RJ, Hinchcliff KW. Changes in skeletal muscle GLUT4 content and muscle membrane glucose transport following 6 weeks of exercise training.. Equine Vet J Suppl 2002 Sep;(34):199-204.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2002.tb05418.xpubmed: 12405686google scholar: lookup
  46. Oshel KM, Knight JB, Cao KT, Thai MV, Olson AL. Identification of a 30-base pair regulatory element and novel DNA binding protein that regulates the human GLUT4 promoter in transgenic mice.. J Biol Chem 2000 Aug 4;275(31):23666-73.
    doi: 10.1074/jbc.M001452200pubmed: 10825161google scholar: lookup
  47. Thai MV, Guruswamy S, Cao KT, Pessin JE, Olson AL. Myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2)-binding site is required for GLUT4 gene expression in transgenic mice. Regulation of MEF2 DNA binding activity in insulin-deficient diabetes.. J Biol Chem 1998 Jun 5;273(23):14285-92.
    doi: 10.1074/jbc.273.23.14285pubmed: 9603935google scholar: lookup
  48. de Albuquerque AL, Zanzarini Delfiol DJ, Andrade DGA, Albertino LG, Sonne L, Borges AS, Valberg SJ, Finno CJ, Oliveira-Filho JP. Prevalence of the E321G MYH1 variant in Brazilian Quarter Horses.. Equine Vet J 2022 Sep;54(5):952-957.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.13521pubmed: 34606642google scholar: lookup
  49. Ribeiro WP, Valberg SJ, Pagan JD, Gustavsson BE. The effect of varying dietary starch and fat content on serum creatine kinase activity and substrate availability in equine polysaccharide storage myopathy.. J Vet Intern Med 2004 Nov-Dec;18(6):887-94.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2004.tb02637.xpubmed: 15638274google scholar: lookup
  50. McKenzie EC, Valberg SJ, Godden SM, Pagan JD, MacLeay JM, Geor RJ, Carlson GP. Effect of dietary starch, fat, and bicarbonate content on exercise responses and serum creatine kinase activity in equine recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis.. J Vet Intern Med 2003 Sep-Oct;17(5):693-701.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02502.xpubmed: 14529137google scholar: lookup
  51. Pollitt CC, Visser MB. Carbohydrate alimentary overload laminitis.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2010 Apr;26(1):65-78.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2010.01.006pubmed: 20381736google scholar: lookup
  52. Zierath JR, Houseknecht KL, Gnudi L, Kahn BB. High-fat feeding impairs insulin-stimulated GLUT4 recruitment via an early insulin-signaling defect.. Diabetes 1997 Feb;46(2):215-23.
    doi: 10.2337/diab.46.2.215pubmed: 9000697google scholar: lookup
  53. Ryder JW, Kawano Y, Galuska D, Fahlman R, Wallberg-Henriksson H, Charron MJ, Zierath JR. Postexercise glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis in skeletal muscle from GLUT4-deficient mice.. FASEB J 1999 Dec;13(15):2246-56.
    doi: 10.1096/fasebj.13.15.2246pubmed: 10593872google scholar: lookup
  54. Kahn BB, Pedersen O. Suppression of GLUT4 expression in skeletal muscle of rats that are obese from high fat feeding but not from high carbohydrate feeding or genetic obesity.. Endocrinology 1993 Jan;132(1):13-22.
    doi: 10.1210/endo.132.1.8419118pubmed: 8419118google scholar: lookup
  55. Lee JS, Bruce CR, Tunstall RJ, Cameron-Smith D, Hugel H, Hawley JA. Interaction of exercise and diet on GLUT-4 protein and gene expression in Type I and Type II rat skeletal muscle.. Acta Physiol Scand 2002 May;175(1):37-44.
    doi: 10.1046/j.1365-201X.2002.00963.xpubmed: 11982503google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 5 times.
  1. Vidal Moreno de Vega C, Lemmens D, de Meeûs d'Argenteuil C, Boshuizen B, de Maré L, Leybaert L, Goethals K, de Oliveira JE, Hosotani G, Deforce D, Van Nieuwerburgh F, Devisscher L, Delesalle C. Dynamics of training and acute exercise-induced shifts in muscular glucose transporter (GLUT) 4, 8, and 12 expression in locomotion versus posture muscles in healthy horses. Front Physiol 2023;14:1256217.
    doi: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1256217pubmed: 37654675google scholar: lookup
  2. Austin MMP, Ivey JLZ, Shepherd EA, Myer PR. Methodologies to Identify Metabolic Pathway Differences Between Emaciated and Moderately Conditioned Horses: A Review of Multiple Gene Expression Techniques. Animals (Basel) 2025 Oct 10;15(20).
    doi: 10.3390/ani15202933pubmed: 41153862google scholar: lookup
  3. Connysson M, Jansson A. Starch Allowance and Muscle Enzyme Activity in Healthy Standardbred Trotters Trained by Professional Trainers. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2025 Sep;109(5):1130-1137.
    doi: 10.1111/jpn.14127pubmed: 40329464google scholar: lookup
  4. Boshuizen B, De Maré L, Oosterlinck M, Van Immerseel F, Eeckhaut V, De Meeus C, Devisscher L, Vidal Moreno de Vega C, Willems M, De Oliveira JE, Hosotani G, Gansemans Y, Meese T, Van Nieuwerburgh F, Deforce D, Vanderperren K, Verdegaal EL, Delesalle C. Aleurone supplementation enhances the metabolic benefits of training in Standardbred mares: impacts on glucose-insulin dynamics and gut microbiome composition. Front Physiol 2025;16:1565005.
    doi: 10.3389/fphys.2025.1565005pubmed: 40276369google scholar: lookup
  5. Pratt-Phillips S. Effect of Exercise Conditioning on Countering the Effects of Obesity and Insulin Resistance in Horses-A Review. Animals (Basel) 2024 Feb 26;14(5).
    doi: 10.3390/ani14050727pubmed: 38473112google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,850 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.