Novel vaccination approaches against equine alphavirus encephalitides.
Abstract: The current production of inactivated vaccines for the prevention of equine alphavirus encephalitides caused by Eastern, Western and Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis viruses (EEEV, WEEV, VEEV) involves the manipulation of large quantities of infectious viral particles under biosafety level 3 containment laboratories with the potential risk of transmission to the operators. Moreover, these vaccines are not capable of inducing a long-lasting immunity. Modified live vaccines, which were also attempted, maintain residual virulence and neurotropism, causing disease in both horses and humans. Therefore, the production of an efficacious second generation vaccine which could be used in the prevention of alphavirus infection without the need to manipulate infectious viral particles under high biocontainment conditions could be of great benefit for the worldwide horse industry. Furthermore, equine alphaviruses are considered as biological threat agents. Subunit, chimeric, gene-deleted live mutants, DNA and adenovirus-vectored alphavirus vaccines have been evaluated; such approaches are reviewed in this work. Climate changes, together with modifications in bird and vector ecology, are leading to the arise of emerging pathogens in new geographical locations, and these zoonotic New World arboviruses are gaining concern. Novel vaccine development does show a promising future for prevention of these infections in both horses and humans.
Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Publication Date: 2013-12-02 PubMed ID: 24295803DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.11.071Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary
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The research article discusses the development of new vaccination techniques to protect against equine alphavirus encephalitides, diseases caused by Eastern, Western and Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis viruses. The new advances aim at reducing the requirement of handling infectious viral particles in high biocontainment areas, as well as improving vaccine efficacy and vaccination effects.
Understanding Equine Alphavirus Encephalitides
- Equine alphavirus encephalitides are diseases caused by Eastern, Western and Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis viruses (EEEV, WEEV, VEEV).
- Handlers currently require to manipulate large infectious viral particles under biosafety level 3 containment. This carries inherent risks of transmission to the operators.
Limitations of Current Vaccines
- The existing inactivated vaccines don’t induce long-term immunity to these diseases in horses.
- Modified live vaccines, though attempted, still maintain residual virulence and ‘neurotropism’, leading to disease in both horses and humans.
- A better, second-generation vaccine is therefore needed for effective prevention of alphavirus infections.
New Approaches to Vaccination
- This research article reviews novel approaches to vaccination against equine alphavirus encephalitides including subunit vaccines, chimeric viruses, gene-deleted live mutants, DNA and adenovirus-vectored alphavirus vaccines.
- These new techniques have the potential to avoid the need for high biocontainment labs and can work towards effectively preventing these infections.
Impact of Climate Changes and Vector Ecology
- Climate changes and alterations in bird and vector ecology are creating conditions conducive for emerging pathogens in new geographical locations.
- New World arboviruses present a zoonotic concern, implying transmission from animals to humans, which needs to be addressed.
Summary
- The development of novel vaccine types offers a promising future for preventing these infections from occurring in both horses and humans.
- Such advancements are critical for protecting the global equestrian industry and for preventing the spread of these zoonotic diseases in humans.
Cite This Article
APA
Carossino M, Thiry E, de la Grandière A, Barrandeguy ME.
(2013).
Novel vaccination approaches against equine alphavirus encephalitides.
Vaccine, 32(3), 311-319.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.11.071 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, INTA, Las Cabañas y Los Reseros s/n, 1712 Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Escuela de Veterinaria, Universidad del Salvador, Champagnat 1599, Ruta Panamericana km54.5, B1630AHU Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, B-4000 Liege, Belgium.
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, B-4000 Liege, Belgium.
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, INTA, Las Cabañas y Los Reseros s/n, 1712 Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Escuela de Veterinaria, Universidad del Salvador, Champagnat 1599, Ruta Panamericana km54.5, B1630AHU Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Electronic address: mbarrandeguy@cnia.inta.gov.ar.
MeSH Terms
- Alphavirus / immunology
- Alphavirus Infections / prevention & control
- Alphavirus Infections / veterinary
- Alphavirus Infections / virology
- Animals
- Biomedical Research / trends
- Encephalitis, Viral / prevention & control
- Encephalitis, Viral / veterinary
- Encephalitis, Viral / virology
- Horse Diseases / prevention & control
- Horse Diseases / virology
- Horses
- Vaccination / methods
- Vaccines, Attenuated / administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Attenuated / immunology
- Vaccines, Attenuated / isolation & purification
- Vaccines, DNA / administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA / immunology
- Vaccines, DNA / isolation & purification
- Vaccines, Inactivated / administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Inactivated / immunology
- Vaccines, Inactivated / isolation & purification
- Vaccines, Subunit / administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Subunit / immunology
- Vaccines, Subunit / isolation & purification
- Vaccines, Synthetic / administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic / immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic / isolation & purification
- Veterinary Medicine / trends
- Viral Vaccines / administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines / immunology
- Viral Vaccines / isolation & purification
Citations
This article has been cited 6 times.- Sutton MS, Pletnev S, Callahan V, Ko S, Tsybovsky Y, Bylund T, Casner RG, Cerutti G, Gardner CL, Guirguis V, Verardi R, Zhang B, Ambrozak D, Beddall M, Lei H, Yang ES, Liu T, Henry AR, Rawi R, Schön A, Schramm CA, Shen CH, Shi W, Stephens T, Yang Y, Florez MB, Ledgerwood JE, Burke CW, Shapiro L, Fox JM, Kwong PD, Roederer M. Vaccine elicitation and structural basis for antibody protection against alphaviruses. Cell 2023 Jun 8;186(12):2672-2689.e25.
- Shtro AA, Garshinina AV, Alferova VA, Kamzeeva PN, Volok VP, Kolpakova ES, Nikitin TD, Chistov AA, Belyaev ES, Korshun VA, Kozlovskaya LI, Aralov AV. Cationic Perylene Antivirals with Aqueous Solubility for Studies In Vivo. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022 Sep 22;15(10).
- Kalasariya HS, Patel NB, Gacem A, Alsufyani T, Reece LM, Yadav VK, Awwad NS, Ibrahium HA, Ahn Y, Yadav KK, Jeon BH. Marine Alga Ulva fasciata-Derived Molecules for the Potential Treatment of SARS-CoV-2: An In Silico Approach. Mar Drugs 2022 Sep 19;20(9).
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- Yu GY, Wiley MR, Kugelman JR, Ladner JT, Beitzel BF, Eccleston LT, Morazzani EM, Glass PJ, Palacios GF. Complete coding sequences of eastern equine encephalitis virus and venezuelan equine encephalitis virus strains isolated from human cases. Genome Announc 2015 Apr 23;3(2).
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