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Parasites & vectors2020; 13(1); 586; doi: 10.1186/s13071-020-04472-w

Parasitic diseases of equids in Iran (1931-2020): a literature review.

Abstract: Parasitic infections can cause many respiratory, digestive and other diseases and contribute to some performance conditions in equids. However, knowledge on the biodiversity of parasites of equids in Iran is still limited. The present review covers all the information about parasitic diseases of horses, donkeys, mules and wild asses in Iran published as articles in Iranian and international journals, dissertations and congress papers from 1931 to July 2020. Parasites so far described in Iranian equids include species of 9 genera of the Protozoa (Trypanosoma, Giardia, Eimeria, Klossiella, Cryptosporidium, Toxoplasma, Neospora, Theileria and Babesia), 50 helminth species from the digestive system (i.e., 2 trematodes, 3 cestodes and 37 nematodes) and from other organs (i.e., Schistosoma turkestanica, Echinococcus granulosus, Dictyocaulus arnfieldi, Parafilaria multipapillosa, Setaria equina and 3 Onchocerca spp.). Furthermore, 16 species of hard ticks, 3 mite species causing mange, 2 lice species, and larvae of 4 Gastrophilus species and Hippobosca equina have been reported from equids in Iran. Archeoparasitological findings in coprolites of equids include Fasciola hepatica, Oxyuris equi, Anoplocephala spp. and intestinal strongyles. Parasitic diseases are important issues in terms of animal welfare, economics and public health; however, parasites and parasitic diseases of equines have not received adequate attention compared with ruminants and camels in Iran. The present review highlights the knowledge gaps related to equines about the presence, species, genotypes and subtypes of Neospora hughesi, Sarcocystis spp., Trichinella spp., Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, Blastocystis and microsporidia. Identification of ticks vectoring pathogenic parasites, bacteria and viruses has received little attention, too. The efficacy of common horse wormers also needs to be evaluated systematically.
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Publication Date: 2020-11-19 PubMed ID: 33213507PubMed Central: PMC7676409DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04472-wGoogle Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article reviews a variety of parasitic diseases in horses, donkeys, mules, and wild asses in Iran over the course of almost 90 years (1931 -2020). It emphasizes the need for more in-depth research into the diversity, species, genotypes and subtypes of parasites affecting equines in Iran.

Detailed Review of Parasitic Diseases in Equids

The article provides an extensive review of parasitic diseases affecting equines (horses, donkeys, mules, and wild asses) in Iran. No single source existed collating the information on this topic, but understanding the range of diseases can inform treatment and prevention efforts. The review spans a long period of time, from 1931 through to July 2020. Key findings are listed as follows:

  • The article identifies multiple parasites across 9 genera of the Protozoa (Trypanosoma, Giardia, Eimeria, Klossiella, Cryptosporidium, Toxoplasma, Neospora, Theileria and Babesia).
  • 50 helminth species were identified affecting the digestive system, and other organs of equines were found to host parasites such as Schistosoma turkestanica, Echinococcus granulosus, Dictyocaulus arnfieldi, Parafilaria multipapillosa, Setaria equina and 3 Onchocerca species.
  • Pests, including 16 species of hard ticks, 3 mite species causing mange, 2 lice species, and larvae of 4 Gastrophilus species and Hippobosca equina, were also observed in equids in Iran.

Archeoparasitological Findings

Archeoparasitology was used to identify parasites in coprolites (fossilised faeces). The following findings were established:

  • Presence of Fasciola hepatica, Oxyuris equi, Anoplocephala spp. and intestinal strongyles in coprolites of equines.
  • These findings helped to understand parasites affecting equines in the historical context.

Highlighting Knowledge Gaps

Despite the extensive findings, the article identifies apparent knowledge gaps in parasitic diseases of equines in Iran, including:

  • Limited information on the presence, species, genotypes, and subtypes of certain parasites such as Neospora hughesi, Sarcocystis spp., Trichinella spp., Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, Blastocystis, and microsporidia.
  • Poor understanding about ticks carrying other harmful organisms such as parasites, bacteria, and viruses.
  • Inadequate evaluation of the efficacy of common horse wormers.

The authors thus call for more systematic research and data on equine parasites to improve animal welfare, reduce economic impacts, and enhance public health measures.

Cite This Article

APA
Sazmand A, Bahari A, Papi S, Otranto D. (2020). Parasitic diseases of equids in Iran (1931-2020): a literature review. Parasit Vectors, 13(1), 586. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-020-04472-w

Publication

Parasites & vectors
ISSN: 1756-3305
NlmUniqueID: 101462774
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 13
Issue: 1
Pages: 586

Researcher Affiliations

Sazmand, Alireza
  • Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, 6517658978, Iran. alireza.sazmand@basu.ac.ir.
Bahari, Aliasghar
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, 6517658978, Iran.
Papi, Sareh
  • Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, 6517658978, Iran.
Otranto, Domenico
  • Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, 6517658978, Iran.
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Str. prov. per Casamassima km 3, 70010, Valenzano, Bari, Italy.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Cestode Infections / epidemiology
  • Cestode Infections / veterinary
  • Cryptosporidiosis / epidemiology
  • Equidae / parasitology
  • Feces / parasitology
  • Helminthiasis, Animal / epidemiology
  • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
  • Horse Diseases / parasitology
  • Horses / parasitology
  • Iran / epidemiology
  • Parasitic Diseases, Animal / classification
  • Parasitic Diseases, Animal / epidemiology

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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