FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
BMC veterinary research2012; 8; 60; doi: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-60

Periodontal biomechanics: finite element simulations of closing stroke and power stroke in equine cheek teeth.

Abstract: In equine dentistry periodontal diseases, especially periapical inflammation, are frequently occurring problems. Anachoresis is believed to be the most common cause for the development of such disorders. Nevertheless, there is still no substantiated explanation why settlement of pathogen microorganisms occurs in equine periodontal tissues. It is expected that excessive strains and stresses occurring in the periodontal ligament (PDL) during the horse's chewing cycle might be a predisposing factor. In this study this assumption was examined by finite element (FE) analyses on virtual 3-D models of equine maxillary and mandibular cheek teeth, established on the basis of μCT datasets. Calculations were conducted both under conditions of closing and power stroke. Results: Results showed a uniform distribution of low stresses and strain energy density (SED) during closing stroke, whereas during power stroke an occurrence of high stresses and SED could be observed in the PDL near the alveolar crest and in periapical regions. Conclusions: The concentration of forces during power stroke in these specific areas of the PDL may cause local tissue necrosis and inflammation and thus establish a suitable environment for the settlement of microorganisms.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2012-07-11 PubMed ID: 22607543PubMed Central: PMC3583254DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-60Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The abstract summarises a research study that uses 3-D modelling and finite element (FE) analysis to investigate why pathogen microorganisms often settle in the periodontal tissues of horses. The study suggests that high stresses and strain energy density experienced by the periodontal ligament during a horse’s chewing cycle might be a contributing factor.

Objective of the Study

  • The study aims to investigate the causes of periodontal diseases, particularly periapical inflammation, in horses, which are common problems in equine dentistry. Anachoresis, the process of attracting or absorbing smaller particles or organisms, is typically attributed as the cause for such disorders. However, there isn’t a profound explanation why these pathogens settle in the periodontal tissues of horses.

Methods and Approach

  • The study uses finite element analysis, a mathematical technique for predicting how an object reacts to real-world forces, vibration, heat, and other physical effects, to examine whether excessive strains and stresses on a horse’s periodontal ligament (PDL) during chewing could be a predisposing factor to these dental issues.
  • The researchers developed three-dimensional models of equine maxillary (upper jaw) and mandibular (lower jaw) cheek teeth based on Microcomputed Tomography (μCT) datasets to carry out these FE analyses.
  • The FE calculations were conducted under conditions of “closing stroke” and “power stroke”, which represent different stages of the horse’s chewing cycle.

Findings

  • During the closing stroke, there was a uniform distribution of low stresses and strain energy density (SED) across the PDL. However, during the power stroke, high stresses and SED were observed in the PDL near the alveolar crest (the highest point of the alveolar ridges of the jaw where the teeth are anchored) and in periapical regions (the area surrounding the tooth root).

Conclusion

  • The researchers concluded that these high concentrations of forces experienced during the power stroke in specific areas of the PDL could cause local tissue necrosis (death of body tissues) and inflammation. This could create a conducive environment for the settlement of microorganisms, hence leading to periodontal diseases.

Cite This Article

APA
Cordes V, Lüpke M, Gardemin M, Seifert H, Staszyk C. (2012). Periodontal biomechanics: finite element simulations of closing stroke and power stroke in equine cheek teeth. BMC Vet Res, 8, 60. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-6148-8-60

Publication

BMC veterinary research
ISSN: 1746-6148
NlmUniqueID: 101249759
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 8
Pages: 60

Researcher Affiliations

Cordes, Vanessa
  • Institute of Anatomy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, Hannover, D-30173, Germany. Vanessa.Cordes@vetmed.uni-giessen.de
Lüpke, Matthias
    Gardemin, Moritz
      Seifert, Hermann
        Staszyk, Carsten

          MeSH Terms

          • Animals
          • Biomechanical Phenomena / physiology
          • Computer Simulation
          • Finite Element Analysis
          • Horses / physiology
          • Mastication / physiology
          • Periodontal Ligament / physiology
          • Tooth / physiology

          References

          This article includes 44 references
          1. Collinson M. Food processing and digestibility in horses (Equus caballus). Doctoral Thesis, Clayton, Monash University; 1994.
          2. Frape DL. Equine nutrition and feeding. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford; 2004.
          3. Baker GJ. Some aspects of equine dental disease. Equine Vet J 1970;2:105–110.
            doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1970.tb04168.xgoogle scholar: lookup
          4. Dixon PM, Tremaine WH, Pickles K, Kuhns L, Hawe C, McCann J, McGorum BC, Railton DI, Brammer S. Equine dental disease part 4: a long-term study of 400 cases: apical infections of cheek teeth.. Equine Vet J 2000 May;32(3):182-94.
            pubmed: 10836472doi: 10.2746/042516400776563581google scholar: lookup
          5. Dixon PM, du Toit N, Dacre IT. Equine dental pathology. In: Equine Dentistry. 3. Easley J, Dixon PM, Schumacher J, editor. Saunders Elsevier, London; 2011. pp. 129–147.
          6. Crabill MR, Schumacher J. Pathophysiology of acquired dental diseases of the horse.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1998 Aug;14(2):291-307.
            pubmed: 9742665doi: 10.1016/s0749-0739(17)30199-2google scholar: lookup
          7. van den Enden MS, Dixon PM. Prevalence of occlusal pulpar exposure in 110 equine cheek teeth with apical infections and idiopathic fractures.. Vet J 2008 Dec;178(3):364-71.
            doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.09.026pubmed: 19010702google scholar: lookup
          8. Dacre IT, Kempson S, Dixon PM. Pathological studies of cheek teeth apical infections in the horse: 4. Aetiopathological findings in 41 apically infected mandibular cheek teeth.. Vet J 2008 Dec;178(3):341-51.
            doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.09.028pubmed: 19019712google scholar: lookup
          9. Dacre I, Kempson S, Dixon PM. Pathological studies of cheek teeth apical infections in the horse: 5. Aetiopathological findings in 57 apically infected maxillary cheek teeth and histological and ultrastructural findings.. Vet J 2008 Dec;178(3):352-63.
            doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.09.024pubmed: 19022689google scholar: lookup
          10. Bender IB, Bender AB. Diabetes mellitus and the dental pulp.. J Endod 2003 Jun;29(6):383-9.
            doi: 10.1097/00004770-200306000-00001pubmed: 12814220google scholar: lookup
          11. Cordes V, Gardemin M, Lüpke M, Seifert H, Borchers L, Staszyk C. Finite element analysis in 3-D models of equine cheek teeth.. Vet J 2012 Aug;193(2):391-6.
            pubmed: 22464401doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.02.013google scholar: lookup
          12. Lüpke M, Gardemin M, Kopke S, Seifert H, Staszyk C. Finite element analysis of the equine periodontal ligament under masticatory loading. Wien Tierärzt Mschr - Vet Med Austria 2010;97:101–106.
          13. Cattaneo PM, Dalstra M, Melsen B. The finite element method: a tool to study orthodontic tooth movement.. J Dent Res 2005 May;84(5):428-33.
            doi: 10.1177/154405910508400506pubmed: 15840778google scholar: lookup
          14. Kawarizadeh A, Bourauel C, Jäger A. Experimental and numerical determination of initial tooth mobility and material properties of the periodontal ligament in rat molar specimens.. Eur J Orthod 2003 Dec;25(6):569-78.
            doi: 10.1093/ejo/25.6.569pubmed: 14700262google scholar: lookup
          15. Ziegler A, Keilig L, Kawarizadeh A, Jäger A, Bourauel C. Numerical simulation of the biomechanical behaviour of multi-rooted teeth.. Eur J Orthod 2005 Aug;27(4):333-9.
            doi: 10.1093/ejo/cji020pubmed: 15961572google scholar: lookup
          16. Abé H, Hayashi K, Sato M. Data book on mechanical properties of living cells, tissues, and organs. Springer, Tokyo, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York; 1996.
          17. Vollmer D, Haase A, Bourauel C. [Semi-automatic generation of finite element meshes fo dental preparations].. Biomed Tech (Berl) 2000 Mar;45(3):62-9.
            pubmed: 10761287doi: 10.1515/bmte.2000.45.3.62google scholar: lookup
          18. Rees JS, Jacobsen PH. Elastic modulus of the periodontal ligament.. Biomaterials 1997 Jul;18(14):995-9.
            doi: 10.1016/S0142-9612(97)00021-5pubmed: 9212195google scholar: lookup
          19. Toms SR, Eberhardt AW. A nonlinear finite element analysis of the periodontal ligament under orthodontic tooth loading.. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2003 Jun;123(6):657-65.
            doi: 10.1016/S0889-5406(03)00164-1pubmed: 12806346google scholar: lookup
          20. Pini M, Wiskott HW, Scherrer SS, Botsis J, Belser UC. Mechanical characterization of bovine periodontal ligament.. J Periodontal Res 2002 Aug;37(4):237-44.
            doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0765.2002.00344.xpubmed: 12200965google scholar: lookup
          21. Poppe M, Bourauel C, Jäger A. Determination of the elasticity parameters of the human periodontal ligament and the location of the center of resistance of single-rooted teeth a study of autopsy specimens and their conversion into finite element models.. J Orofac Orthop 2002 Sep;63(5):358-70.
            doi: 10.1007/s00056-002-0067-8pubmed: 12297965google scholar: lookup
          22. Dorow C, Krstin N, Sander FG. Determination of the mechanical properties of the periodontal ligament in a uniaxial tensional experiment.. J Orofac Orthop 2003 Mar;64(2):100-7.
            doi: 10.1007/s00056-003-0225-7pubmed: 12649706google scholar: lookup
          23. Pini M, Zysset P, Botsis J, Contro R. Tensile and compressive behaviour of the bovine periodontal ligament.. J Biomech 2004 Jan;37(1):111-9.
            doi: 10.1016/S0021-9290(03)00234-3pubmed: 14672574google scholar: lookup
          24. Picton DC, Wills DJ. Viscoelastic properties of the periodontal ligament and mucous membrane.. J Prosthet Dent 1978 Sep;40(3):263-72.
            doi: 10.1016/0022-3913(78)90031-8pubmed: 100600google scholar: lookup
          25. Shibata T, Botsis J, Bergomi M, Mellal A, Komatsu K. Mechanical behavior of bovine periodontal ligament under tension-compression cyclic displacements.. Eur J Oral Sci 2006 Feb;114(1):74-82.
            doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2006.00269.xpubmed: 16460345google scholar: lookup
          26. Huthmann S, Staszyk C, Jacob HG, Rohn K, Gasse H. Biomechanical evaluation of the equine masticatory action: calculation of the masticatory forces occurring on the cheek tooth battery.. J Biomech 2009 Jan 5;42(1):67-70.
            doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2008.09.040pubmed: 19056084google scholar: lookup
          27. Staszyk C, Lehmann F, Bienert A, Ludwig K, Gasse H. Measurement of masticatory forces in the horses. Pferdeheilkd 2006;22:12–16.
          28. Bonin SJ, Clayton HM, Lanovaz JL, Johnson TJ. Kinematics of the equine temporomandibular joint.. Am J Vet Res 2006 Mar;67(3):423-8.
            doi: 10.2460/ajvr.67.3.423pubmed: 16506903google scholar: lookup
          29. Huiskes R. If bone is the answer, then what is the question?. J Anat 2000 Aug;197 ( Pt 2)(Pt 2):145-56.
            doi: 10.1046/j.1469-7580.2000.19720145.xpmc: PMC1468114pubmed: 11005707google scholar: lookup
          30. Almekinders LC, Banes AJ, Ballenger CA. Effects of repetitive motion on human fibroblasts.. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1993 May;25(5):603-7.
            pubmed: 8388071
          31. Devkota AC, Tsuzaki M, Almekinders LC, Banes AJ, Weinhold PS. Distributing a fixed amount of cyclic loading to tendon explants over longer periods induces greater cellular and mechanical responses.. J Orthop Res 2007 Aug;25(8):1078-86.
            doi: 10.1002/jor.20389pubmed: 17457818google scholar: lookup
          32. Vermolen FJ, Gefen A. A semi-stochastic cell-based formalism to model the dynamics of migration of cells in colonies.. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2012 Jan;11(1-2):183-95.
            doi: 10.1007/s10237-011-0302-6pubmed: 21442297google scholar: lookup
          33. Carter DR, Fyhrie DP, Whalen RT. Trabecular bone density and loading history: regulation of connective tissue biology by mechanical energy.. J Biomech 1987;20(8):785-94.
            doi: 10.1016/0021-9290(87)90058-3pubmed: 3654678google scholar: lookup
          34. Huiskes R, Weinans H, Grootenboer HJ, Dalstra M, Fudala B, Slooff TJ. Adaptive bone-remodeling theory applied to prosthetic-design analysis.. J Biomech 1987;20(11-12):1135-50.
            doi: 10.1016/0021-9290(87)90030-3pubmed: 3429459google scholar: lookup
          35. Staszyk C, Wulff W, Jacob HG, Gasse H. Collagen fiber architecture of the periodontal ligament in equine cheek teeth.. J Vet Dent 2006 Sep;23(3):143-7.
            pubmed: 17022193doi: 10.1177/089875640602300303google scholar: lookup
          36. Wulff W. Histologische Untersuchungen am Ligamentum periodontale des Pferdebackenzahns. Doctoral Thesis, Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover; 2005.
          37. Atkinson HF, Ralph WJ. In vitro strength of the human periodontal ligament.. J Dent Res 1977 Jan;56(1):48-52.
            doi: 10.1177/00220345770560011001pubmed: 264865google scholar: lookup
          38. Staszyk C, Gasse H. Distinct fibro-vascular arrangements in the periodontal ligament of the horse.. Arch Oral Biol 2005 Apr;50(4):439-47.
            doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2004.10.001pubmed: 15748697google scholar: lookup
          39. Dixon PM, Dacre I. A review of equine dental disorders.. Vet J 2005 Mar;169(2):165-87.
            doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2004.03.022pubmed: 15727909google scholar: lookup
          40. Bourauel C, Freudenreich D, Vollmer D, Kobe D, Drescher D, Jäger A. Simulation of orthodontic tooth movements. A comparison of numerical models.. J Orofac Orthop 1999;60(2):136-51.
            doi: 10.1007/BF01298963pubmed: 10220981google scholar: lookup
          41. Brudvik P, Rygh P. Non-clast cells start orthodontic root resorption in the periphery of hyalinized zones.. Eur J Orthod 1993 Dec;15(6):467-80.
            pubmed: 8112413doi: 10.1093/ejo/15.6.467google scholar: lookup
          42. Staszyk C. Das Ligamentum periodontale des Pferdebackenzahns: Untersuchungen zur Morphologie unter Berücksichtigung der besonderen Gestalt und Morphodynamik des Pferdebackenzahns. Habilitation, Hannover, Tierärztliche Hochschule; 2006.
          43. Huthmann S, Staszyk C, Jacob HG, Rohn K, Gasse H. Measurement of the Curve of Spee in horses.. J Vet Dent 2009 Winter;26(4):216-8.
            pubmed: 20192020doi: 10.1177/089875640902600408google scholar: lookup
          44. Dixon PM. Acquired Disorders of Equine Teeth. Proceedings of Focus on Dentistry. Albuquerque, ; 2011.

          Citations

          This article has been cited 1 times.
          1. Pöschke A, Krähling B, Failing K, Staszyk C. Molecular Characteristics of the Equine Periodontal Ligament. Front Vet Sci 2017;4:235.
            doi: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00235pubmed: 29376061google scholar: lookup
          Subscribe to our newsletter
          Join 99,727 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.