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Home / Equine Research Bank / Animals (Basel) / Perioperative Brain Function Monitoring with Electroencephal...
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2022; 12(20); 2851; doi: 10.3390/ani12202851

Perioperative Brain Function Monitoring with Electroencephalography in Horses Anesthetized with Multimodal Balanced Anesthetic Protocol Subjected to Surgeries.

Abstract: This study aimed to investigate the use of electroencephalography (EEG) for detecting brain activity changes perioperatively in anesthetized horses subjected to surgery. Twelve adult horses undergoing various surgeries were evaluated after premedication with xylazine and butorphanol, induction with ketamine, midazolam, and guaifenesin, and maintenance with isoflurane. The frontal EEG electrodes were placed after the horse was intubated and mechanically ventilated. The EEG data were collected continuously from Stage (S)1-transition from induction to isoflurane maintenance, S2-during surgery, S3-early recovery before xylazine sedation (0.2 mg kg IV), and S4-recovery after xylazine sedation. The Patient State Index (PSI), (Burst) Suppression Ratio (SR), and 95% Spectral Edge Frequency (SEF) were compared across the stages. The PSI was lowest in S2 (20.8 ± 2.6) and increased to 30.0 ± 27.7 ( = 0.005) in S3. The SR increased from S1 (5.5 ± 10.7%) to S3 (32.7 ± 33.8%, = 0.0001). The spectral power analysis showed that S3 had a significantly higher content of delta wave activity (0.1-4 Hz) in the EEG and lower relative power in the 3 Hz to 15 Hz range when compared to S1 and S2. A similar result was observed in S4, but the lower power was in a narrower range, from 3 Hz to 7 Hz, which indicate profound central nervous system depression potentiated by xylazine, despite the cessation of isoflurane anesthesia. We concluded that the use of EEG provides clinically relevant information about perioperative brain state changes of the isoflurane-anesthetized horse.
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Publication Date: 2022-10-20 PubMed ID: 36290236PubMed Central: PMC9597736DOI: 10.3390/ani12202851Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research revolves around using Electroencephalography (EEG) to monitor brain function changes in horses during various perioperative stages when anesthetized. This approach may provide valuable insights into the horses’ brain state changes during different phases of surgical procedures.

Research Methodology

  • Twelve adult horses, subjected to various surgeries, were part of this study. The horses were first premedicated with xylazine and butorphanol, then induced anesthesia with ketamine, midazolam, and guaifenesin, and lastly, maintained with isoflurane.
  • Once the horse was intubated and mechanically ventilated, frontal EEG electrodes were placed on it. This allowed the researchers to monitor changes in the horse’s brain waves continuously during the surgical procedure.
  • The EEG data collection was separated into four stages: S1 marking the transition from induced anesthesia to isoflurane maintenance, S2 during surgery, S3 in early recovery before xylazine sedation, and S4 during recovery after xylazine sedation.

Data Measurement and Results

  • Various parameters were monitored and compared across the stages. These included the Patient State Index (PSI), Burst Suppression Ratio (SR), and 95% Spectral Edge Frequency (SEF).
  • The PSI was found to be the lowest during surgery (S2), and increased in early recovery before xylazine sedation (S3).
  • The SR also increased from the induction to isoflurane maintenance transition stage (S1) to early recovery before xylazine sedation (S3).
  • S3 displayed significantly higher content of delta wave activity and lower relative power in the 3 Hz to 15 Hz range compared to S1 and S2.
  • A similar trend was observed in S4 but with a narrower lower power range, from 3 Hz to 7 Hz. This indicated profound central nervous system depression enhanced by xylazine, despite stopping isoflurane anesthesia.

Conclusion

  • The research concluded that the use of EEG holds considerable potential in providing clinically relevant information about the brain state changes of a horse during perioperative periods.
  • This could enable veterinarians and clinicians to make more informed decisions in managing anesthesia and recovery phases post-surgery, ensuring better animal welfare and more favourable outcomes.

Cite This Article

APA
Murillo C, Weng HY, Weil AB, Kreuzer M, Ko JC. (2022). Perioperative Brain Function Monitoring with Electroencephalography in Horses Anesthetized with Multimodal Balanced Anesthetic Protocol Subjected to Surgeries. Animals (Basel), 12(20), 2851. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12202851

Publication

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 12
Issue: 20
PII: 2851

Researcher Affiliations

Murillo, Carla
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
Weng, Hsin-Yi
  • Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
Weil, Ann B
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
Kreuzer, Matthias
  • Matthias Kreuzer, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, 81675 München, Germany.
Ko, Jeff C
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Citations

This article has been cited 2 times.
  1. Joyce L, Wenninger A, Kreuzer M, García PS, Schneider G, Fenzl T. Electroencephalographic monitoring of anesthesia during surgical procedures in mice using a modified clinical monitoring system.. J Clin Monit Comput 2023 Jul 18;.
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  2. Murillo C, Weil AB, Moore GE, Kreuzer M, Ko JC. Electroencephalographic and Cardiovascular Changes Associated with Propofol Constant Rate of Infusion Anesthesia in Young Healthy Dogs.. Animals (Basel) 2023 Feb 14;13(4).
    doi: 10.3390/ani13040664pubmed: 36830451google scholar: lookup
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