FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2022; 12(12); 1479; doi: 10.3390/ani12121479

Plasma-Ionized Magnesium in Hospitalized Horses with Gastrointestinal Disorders and Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome.

Abstract: Magnesium disorders in horses with gastrointestinal disorders or systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) are scarcely characterized. The purpose of the study was to explore the association of magnesium disorders with diagnosis, SIRS and mortality in horses admitted to a referral equine hospital. In total, 75 sick horses were included in an observational prospective study and classified as: obstructive ( = 17), inflammatory ( = 10) and ischemic gastrointestinal disorders ( = 12), and other non-gastrointestinal systemic disorders ( = 36). All sick horses were also divided according to the presence ( = 26) or absence of SIRS, and survival to discharge from hospital (survivors ( = 61) and non-survivors ( = 14). In addition, 26 horses were included as controls. On admission, mean (iMg) (95% confidence interval (CI)) in the SIRS group (0.47 (0.43-0.50 mmol/L)) was within the normal range (0.4-0.6 mmol/L). The obstructive group had lower (iMg) compared to the control group (0.44 (0.38-0.51 mmol/L) vs. 0.56 (0.50-0.61 mmol/L); = 0.001). In total, 8 out of 17 (47%) horses with obstructive lesions presented with hypomagnesemia compared to controls (4% (1/26)) ( = 0.001). In conclusion, hypomagnesemia was more prevalent on admission in horses in the obstructive group, and to a lesser extent, in the inflammatory and ischemic groups. In contrast to human ICU patients, the proportion of hospitalized horses with hypomagnesemia was not associated with mortality.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2022-06-07 PubMed ID: 35739816PubMed Central: PMC9219524DOI: 10.3390/ani12121479Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research article investigates the relationship between magnesium disorders, such as hypomagnesemia (low magnesium levels), in horses suffering from gastrointestinal (GI) disorders or systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). The study discovered that horses with obstructive GI disorders have a greater prevalence of hypomagnesemia upon hospital admission. However, unlike in human-intensive care patients, low magnesium levels in hospitalized horses were not linked to mortality.

Introduction and Methodology of the Research

  • The study focuses on exploring the correlation between magnesium disorders, specifically hypomagnesemia, with diagnosis, SIRS, and mortality in hospitalized horses. This association is not very well characterized in existing veterinary literature.
  • The research is a prospective observational study involving a total of 75 sick horses. The horses are classified into four groups based on their disorders: obstructive gastrointestinal disorders, inflammatory gastrointestinal disorders, ischemic gastrointestinal disorders, and other non-gastrointestinal systemic disorders.
  • These sick horses are also separated based on the presence or absence of SIRS, a condition that occurs when the horse’s body responds to an infection or injury.
  • The study also included 26 horses as a control group for comparison.

Findings of the Research

  • Upon admission, the mean plasma-ionized magnesium (iMg) in the SIRS group of horses was found to be within the normal range.
  • The study found that horses with obstructive GI disorders had significantly lower iMg levels compared to the control group which is an indication of hypomagnesemia.
  • About 47% of the horses with obstructive lesions were diagnosed with hypomagnesemia in comparison to only 4% in the control group.

Conclusion of The Research

  • The research concluded that horses in the obstructive group are more likely to present with hypomagnesemia on hospital admission, followed by horses in the inflammatory and ischemic groups.
  • This study contradicts the observations in human ICU patients where hypomagnesemia is often associated with increased mortality. However, the same is not true in the case of hospitalized horses, suggesting varying physiological responses across species.

Cite This Article

APA
Sanmartí J, Armengou L, Troya-Portillo L, Robles-Guirado JÁ, Bassols A, Ríos J, Jose-Cunilleras E. (2022). Plasma-Ionized Magnesium in Hospitalized Horses with Gastrointestinal Disorders and Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome. Animals (Basel), 12(12), 1479. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12121479

Publication

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 12
Issue: 12
PII: 1479

Researcher Affiliations

Sanmartí, Julia
  • Servei de Medicina Interna Equina, Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
  • Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
Armengou, Lara
  • Servei de Medicina Interna Equina, Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
Troya-Portillo, Lucas
  • Servei de Medicina Interna Equina, Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
  • Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
Robles-Guirado, José Ángel
  • Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Veterinaria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
Bassols, Anna
  • Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Veterinaria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
Ríos, José
  • Department of Clinical Farmacology, Hospital Clinic, Medical Statistics Core Facility, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
  • Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
Jose-Cunilleras, Eduard
  • Servei de Medicina Interna Equina, Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
  • Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The authors have no affiliations or final involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in, or in financial competition with the subject matter discussed in this article. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.

References

This article includes 38 references
  1. Toribio RE, Kohn CW, Rourke KM, Levine AL, Rosol TJ. Effects of hypercalcemia on serum concentrations of magnesium, potassium, and phosphate and urinary excretion of electrolytes in horses.. Am J Vet Res 2007 May;68(5):543-54.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.68.5.543pubmed: 17472456google scholar: lookup
  2. Toribio RE, Kohn CW, Hardy J, Rosol TJ. Alterations in serum parathyroid hormone and electrolyte concentrations and urinary excretion of electrolytes in horses with induced endotoxemia.. J Vet Intern Med 2005 Mar-Apr;19(2):223-31.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02686.xpubmed: 15822568google scholar: lookup
  3. Lopez I, Estepa JC, Mendoza FJ, Rodriguez M, Aguilera-Tejero E. Serum concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and calciotropic hormones in donkeys.. Am J Vet Res 2006 Aug;67(8):1333-6.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.67.8.1333pubmed: 16881844google scholar: lookup
  4. Lopez I, Estepa JC, Mendoza FJ, Mayer-Valor R, Aguilera-Tejero E. Fractionation of calcium and magnesium in equine serum.. Am J Vet Res 2006 Mar;67(3):463-6.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.67.3.463pubmed: 16506908google scholar: lookup
  5. Berlin D, Aroch I. Concentrations of ionized and total magnesium and calcium in healthy horses: effects of age, pregnancy, lactation, pH and sample type.. Vet J 2009 Sep;181(3):305-11.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.03.014pubmed: 18467135google scholar: lookup
  6. Stewart AJ, Hardy J, Kohn CW, Toribio RE, Hinchcliff KW, Silver B. Validation of diagnostic tests for determination of magnesium status in horses with reduced magnesium intake.. Am J Vet Res 2004 Apr;65(4):422-30.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2004.65.422pubmed: 15077683google scholar: lookup
  7. Navarro M, Monreal L, Segura D, Armengou L, Añor S. A comparison of traditional and quantitative analysis of acid-base and electrolyte imbalances in horses with gastrointestinal disorders.. J Vet Intern Med 2005 Nov-Dec;19(6):871-7.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02780.xpubmed: 16355683google scholar: lookup
  8. Altura BM, Altura BT. Role of magnesium in patho-physiological processes and the clinical utility of magnesium ion selective electrodes.. Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl 1996;224:211-34.
    doi: 10.3109/00365519609088642pubmed: 8865438google scholar: lookup
  9. Velissaris D, Karamouzos V, Pierrakos C, Aretha D, Karanikolas M. Hypomagnesemia in Critically Ill Sepsis Patients.. J Clin Med Res 2015 Dec;7(12):911-8.
    doi: 10.14740/jocmr2351wpmc: PMC4625810pubmed: 26566403google scholar: lookup
  10. Toribio RE, Kohn CW, Chew DJ, Sams RA, Rosol TJ. Comparison of serum parathyroid hormone and ionized calcium and magnesium concentrations and fractional urinary clearance of calcium and phosphorus in healthy horses and horses with enterocolitis.. Am J Vet Res 2001 Jun;62(6):938-47.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.938pubmed: 11400854google scholar: lookup
  11. Stewart AJ. Magnesium disorders in horses.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2011 Apr;27(1):149-63.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2010.12.009pubmed: 21392659google scholar: lookup
  12. Kolte D, Vijayaraghavan K, Khera S, Sica DA, Frishman WH. Role of magnesium in cardiovascular diseases.. Cardiol Rev 2014 Jul-Aug;22(4):182-92.
    doi: 10.1097/CRD.0000000000000003pubmed: 24896250google scholar: lookup
  13. de Baaij JH, Hoenderop JG, Bindels RJ. Magnesium in man: implications for health and disease.. Physiol Rev 2015 Jan;95(1):1-46.
    doi: 10.1152/physrev.00012.2014pubmed: 25540137google scholar: lookup
  14. Johansson AM, Gardner SY, Jones SL, Fuquay LR, Reagan VH, Levine JF. Hypomagnesemia in hospitalized horses.. J Vet Intern Med 2003 Nov-Dec;17(6):860-7.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02526.xpubmed: 14658724google scholar: lookup
  15. Garcia-Lopez JM, Provost PJ, Rush JE, Zicker SC, Burmaster H, Freeman LM. Prevalence and prognostic importance of hypomagnesemia and hypocalcemia in horses that have colic surgery.. Am J Vet Res 2001 Jan;62(1):7-12.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.7pubmed: 11197564google scholar: lookup
  16. Hurcombe SD, Toribio RE, Slovis NM, Saville WJ, Mudge MC, Macgillivray K, Frazer ML. Calcium regulating hormones and serum calcium and magnesium concentrations in septic and critically ill foals and their association with survival.. J Vet Intern Med 2009 Mar-Apr;23(2):335-43.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0275.xpubmed: 19210311google scholar: lookup
  17. Bone RC, Balk RA, Cerra FB, Dellinger RP, Fein AM, Knaus WA, Schein RM, Sibbald WJ. Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. The ACCP/SCCM Consensus Conference Committee. American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine.. Chest 1992 Jun;101(6):1644-55.
    doi: 10.1378/chest.101.6.1644pubmed: 1303622google scholar: lookup
  18. Roy MF, Kwong GP, Lambert J, Massie S, Lockhart S. Prognostic Value and Development of a Scoring System in Horses With Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome.. J Vet Intern Med 2017 Mar;31(2):582-592.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.14670pmc: PMC5354005pubmed: 28207163google scholar: lookup
  19. Robles-Guirado JA, Sanmartí J, Jose-Cunilleras E, Bassols A. Sample Stability and Heparin Interference Using a Stat Profile Prime plus Vet Critical Care Analyzer to Quantify Ionized Calcium (ICa) and Ionized Magnesium (IMg). Proceedings of the ACVP; ASVCP, ISACP Virtual Annual Meeting, Virtual Meeting 30 October–1 November 2020; p. 40.
  20. Toribio RE. Disorders of calcium and phosphate metabolism in horses.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2011 Apr;27(1):129-47.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2010.12.010pubmed: 21392658google scholar: lookup
  21. Hardin JW, James W, Hilbe JM. Generalized Estimating Equations. 2nd ed. CRC Press; Boca Raton, FL, USA: 2013.
  22. Lohmann KL, Barton MH. Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome. Equine Infectious Diseases 2nd ed. W.B. Saunders; St. Louis, MI, USA: 2014. pp. 119–131.e6.
  23. Woods GA, Oikonomidis IL, Gow AG, Tørnqvist-Johnsen C, Boyé P, Chng Y, Mellanby RJ. Investigation of hypomagnesaemia prevalence and underlying aetiology in a hospitalised cohort of dogs with ionised hypocalcaemia.. Vet Rec 2021 Nov;189(9):e301.
    doi: 10.1002/vetr.301pubmed: 33870511google scholar: lookup
  24. Schweigel M, Martens H. Magnesium transport in the gastrointestinal tract.. Front Biosci 2000 Aug 1;5:D666-77.
    doi: 10.2741/Schweigelpubmed: 10922297google scholar: lookup
  25. Dai LJ, Ritchie G, Kerstan D, Kang HS, Cole DE, Quamme GA. Magnesium transport in the renal distal convoluted tubule.. Physiol Rev 2001 Jan;81(1):51-84.
    doi: 10.1152/physrev.2001.81.1.51pubmed: 11152754google scholar: lookup
  26. Quamme GA, de Rouffignac C. Epithelial magnesium transport and regulation by the kidney.. Front Biosci 2000 Aug 1;5:D694-711.
    doi: 10.2741/Quammepubmed: 10922295google scholar: lookup
  27. Moore JN, Vandenplas ML. Is it the systemic inflammatory response syndrome or endotoxemia in horses with colic?. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2014 Aug;30(2):337-51, vii-viii.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2014.04.003pubmed: 25016495google scholar: lookup
  28. Jiang P, Lv Q, Lai T, Xu F. Does Hypomagnesemia Impact on the Outcome of Patients Admitted to the Intensive Care Unit? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.. Shock 2017 Mar;47(3):288-295.
    doi: 10.1097/SHK.0000000000000769pubmed: 27753792google scholar: lookup
  29. Martin LG, Matteson VL, Wingfield WE, Van Pelt DR, Hackett TB. Abnormalities of Serum Magnesium in Critically III Dogs: Incidence and Implications. J. Vet. Emerg. Crit. Care 1994;4:15–20.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.1994.tb00111.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  30. Toll J, Erb H, Birnbaum N, Schermerhorn T. Prevalence and incidence of serum magnesium abnormalities in hospitalized cats.. J Vet Intern Med 2002 May-Jun;16(3):217-21.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2002.tb02360.xpubmed: 12041648google scholar: lookup
  31. Murphy E. Mysteries of magnesium homeostasis.. Circ Res 2000 Feb 18;86(3):245-8.
    doi: 10.1161/01.RES.86.3.245pubmed: 10679471google scholar: lookup
  32. Romani AM. Cellular magnesium homeostasis.. Arch Biochem Biophys 2011 Aug 1;512(1):1-23.
    doi: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.05.010pmc: PMC3133480pubmed: 21640700google scholar: lookup
  33. Kroll MH, Elin RJ. Relationships between magnesium and protein concentrations in serum.. Clin Chem 1985 Feb;31(2):244-6.
    doi: 10.1093/clinchem/31.2.244pubmed: 3967355google scholar: lookup
  34. Schumacher SA, Yardley J, Bertone AL. Ionized magnesium and calcium concentration and their ratio in equine plasma samples as determined by a regulatory laboratory compared to a clinical reference laboratory.. Drug Test Anal 2019 Mar;11(3):455-460.
    doi: 10.1002/dta.2509pubmed: 30253069google scholar: lookup
  35. Wang S, McDonnell EH, Sedor FA, Toffaletti JG. pH effects on measurements of ionized calcium and ionized magnesium in blood.. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2002 Aug;126(8):947-50.
    doi: 10.5858/2002-126-0947-PEOMOIpubmed: 12171493google scholar: lookup
  36. Gilroy CV, Horney BS, Burton SA, MacKenzie AL. Evaluation of ionized and total serum magnesium concentrations in hyperthyroid cats.. Can J Vet Res 2006 Apr;70(2):137-42.
    pmc: PMC1410730pubmed: 16639946
  37. Hollis AR, Wilkins PA, Palmer JE, Boston RC. Bacteremia in equine neonatal diarrhea: a retrospective study (1990-2007).. J Vet Intern Med 2008 Sep-Oct;22(5):1203-9.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0152.xpubmed: 18638014google scholar: lookup
  38. Hoenderop JG, Bindels RJ. Epithelial Ca2+ and Mg2+ channels in health and disease.. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005 Jan;16(1):15-26.
    doi: 10.1681/ASN.2004070523pubmed: 15574510google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 2 times.
  1. Zhang LC, Ye ZQ, Shuai WL, He CQ, Yu XY, Zhuang LM, Gong LM. Magnesium depletion score and stroke in US adults: Analysis of NHANES 1999 to 2018. Medicine (Baltimore) 2025 Dec 19;104(51):e46376.
    doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000046376pubmed: 41430980google scholar: lookup
  2. Etemadi F, Tabatabaei Naeini A, Aminlari M. Assessment of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D and PTH levels in sera of lame horses. Vet Med Sci 2023 Sep;9(5):2070-2077.
    doi: 10.1002/vms3.1198pubmed: 37466035google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,850 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.