FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Journal of veterinary internal medicine2017; 31(2); 582-592; doi: 10.1111/jvim.14670

Prognostic Value and Development of a Scoring System in Horses With Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome.

Abstract: Despite its widespread use in equine medicine, the clinical value of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) concept in horses remains unknown. Objective: To study the prognostic value of measures of SIRS in horses and identify the best model of severe SIRS to predict outcome. Methods: A total of 479 consecutive adult horse emergency admissions to a private primary referral practice. Methods: Prospective observational study. All adult horses admitted for emergency treatment over the study period were included. Multivariate logistic regression and stepwise model selection were used. Results: Each of the 4 SIRS criteria was associated with outcome in this population. Thirty-one percent of emergency cases had 2 or more abnormal SIRS criteria on admission and were defined as SIRS cases. SIRS was associated with increased odds of death (odds ratio [OR] = 8.22; 95% CI, 4.61-15.18; P < .001), an effect mainly found for acute gastrointestinal cases. SIRS cases were assigned a SIRS score of 2, 3, or 4, according to the number of abnormal SIRS criteria fulfilled on admission, and SIRS3 and SIRS4 cases had increased odds of death compared to SIRS2 cases (OR = 4.45; 95% CI, 1.78-11.15; P = .002). A model of severe SIRS including the SIRS score, blood lactate concentration, and color of the mucous membranes best predicted outcome in this population of horses. Conclusions: Systemic inflammatory response syndrome is associated with an increased risk of death in adult horses presenting with acute gastrointestinal illnesses. The model of severe SIRS proposed in this study could be used to assess the status and prognosis of adult equine emergency admissions.
Copyright © 2017 The Authors. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2017-02-16 PubMed ID: 28207163PubMed Central: PMC5354005DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14670Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research paper had a focus on understanding the prognostic value of measures concerning systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) in horses. The researchers identified a model of severe SIRS that could be deemed accurate in predicting the outcome of an adult horse’s condition, especially in relation to acute gastrointestinal illnesses.

Investigation Methodology

  • The study was conducted on 479 adult horses as they were admitted due to emergencies in the span of a pre-determined period to a primary referral clinic. This is termed a prospective observational study.
  • The method of approach to understand the relevance of SIRS in horses comprised multivariate logistic regression and a stepwise model selection.

Findings and Conclusions

  • Every SIRS criteria was found to be associated, in some measure, with the outcome in the studied population of horses.
  • Among the overall cases, 31% had 2 or more abnormal SIRS criteria, at the time of their admission, asserting them to be SIRS cases.
  • Under this condition, the likelihood of death was higher (with an odds ratio of 8.22). This was particularly notable in horses experiencing acute gastrointestinal issues.
  • Depending upon the number of abnormal SIRS criteria at admission, the horses were assigned a SIRS score of 2, 3, or 4. Increased risk of death was noted in horses with SIRS3 and SIRS4 scores.
  • Upon evaluation, a model featuring severe SIRS, that takes into account the SIRS score, blood lactate concentration, and the color of the mucous membranes, was discovered to be efficient in predicting the outcome of the horses.
  • The researchers concluded that systemic inflammatory response syndrome is a tangible risk factor for death in horses presenting with acute gastrointestinal illnesses. They propose the model of severe SIRS, derived from this study, to evaluate the status and prognosis of adult equine emergency admissions.

Cite This Article

APA
Roy MF, Kwong GP, Lambert J, Massie S, Lockhart S. (2017). Prognostic Value and Development of a Scoring System in Horses With Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome. J Vet Intern Med, 31(2), 582-592. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.14670

Publication

Journal of veterinary internal medicine
ISSN: 1939-1676
NlmUniqueID: 8708660
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 31
Issue: 2
Pages: 582-592

Researcher Affiliations

Roy, M-F
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
Kwong, G P S
  • Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
Lambert, J
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
Massie, S
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
Lockhart, S
  • Moore Equine Veterinary Center, North Clinic, Rocky View County, AB, Canada.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Female
  • Gastrointestinal Diseases / diagnosis
  • Gastrointestinal Diseases / mortality
  • Gastrointestinal Diseases / veterinary
  • Horse Diseases / diagnosis
  • Horse Diseases / mortality
  • Horses
  • Lactic Acid / blood
  • Male
  • Mucous Membrane / physiology
  • Prognosis
  • Prospective Studies
  • Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome / diagnosis
  • Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome / mortality
  • Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome / veterinary

References

This article includes 35 references
  1. Bone RC, Balk RA, Cerra FB, Dellinger RP, Fein AM, Knaus WA, Schein RM, Sibbald WJ. Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. The ACCP/SCCM Consensus Conference Committee. American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine.. Chest 1992 Jun;101(6):1644-55.
    pubmed: 1303622doi: 10.1378/chest.101.6.1644google scholar: lookup
  2. Balk RA. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS): where did it come from and is it still relevant today?. Virulence 2014 Jan 1;5(1):20-6.
    pmc: PMC3916374pubmed: 24280933doi: 10.4161/viru.27135google scholar: lookup
  3. Vincent JL. Dear SIRS, I'm sorry to say that I don't like you... Crit Care Med 1997 Feb;25(2):372-4.
    pubmed: 9034279doi: 10.1097/00003246-199702000-00029google scholar: lookup
  4. MacCallum NS, Finney SJ, Gordon SE, Quinlan GJ, Evans TW. Modified criteria for the systemic inflammatory response syndrome improves their utility following cardiac surgery.. Chest 2014 Jun;145(6):1197-1203.
    pubmed: 24576975doi: 10.1378/chest.13-1023google scholar: lookup
  5. Talmor M, Hydo L, Barie PS. Relationship of systemic inflammatory response syndrome to organ dysfunction, length of stay, and mortality in critical surgical illness: effect of intensive care unit resuscitation.. Arch Surg 1999 Jan;134(1):81-7.
    pubmed: 9927137doi: 10.1001/archsurg.134.1.81google scholar: lookup
  6. Brun-Buisson C. The epidemiology of the systemic inflammatory response.. Intensive Care Med 2000;26 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S64-74.
    pmc: PMC7094973pubmed: 10786961doi: 10.1007/s001340051121google scholar: lookup
  7. Chao A, Chou WH, Chang CJ, Lin YJ, Fan SZ, Chao AS. The admission systemic inflammatory response syndrome predicts outcome in patients undergoing emergency surgery.. Asian J Surg 2013 Jul;36(3):99-103.
    pubmed: 23810158doi: 10.1016/j.asjsur.2013.01.001google scholar: lookup
  8. Lahiri R, Derwa Y, Bashir Z, Giles E, Torrance HD, Owen HC, O'Dwyer MJ, O'Brien A, Stagg AJ, Bhattacharya S, Foster GR, Alazawi W. Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome After Major Abdominal Surgery Predicted by Early Upregulation of TLR4 and TLR5.. Ann Surg 2016 May;263(5):1028-37.
    pubmed: 26020106doi: 10.1097/sla.0000000000001248google scholar: lookup
  9. Rangel-Frausto MS, Pittet D, Costigan M, Hwang T, Davis CS, Wenzel RP. The natural history of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). A prospective study.. JAMA 1995 Jan 11;273(2):117-23.
    pubmed: 7799491
  10. Wong DM, Wilkins PA. Defining the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome in Equine Neonates.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2015 Dec;31(3):463-81.
    pubmed: 26612743doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2015.08.001google scholar: lookup
  11. Roy MF. Sepsis in adults and foals.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2004 Apr;20(1):41-61.
    pubmed: 15062458doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2003.12.005google scholar: lookup
  12. Moore JN, Vandenplas ML. Is it the systemic inflammatory response syndrome or endotoxemia in horses with colic?. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2014 Aug;30(2):337-51, vii-viii.
    pubmed: 25016495doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2014.04.003google scholar: lookup
  13. Epstein KL, Brainard BM, Gomez-Ibanez SE, Lopes MA, Barton MH, Moore JN. Thrombelastography in horses with acute gastrointestinal disease.. J Vet Intern Med 2011 Mar-Apr;25(2):307-14.
    pubmed: 21314719doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0673.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  14. Schwarz BC, van den Hoven R, Schwendenwein I. Diagnostic value of the neutrophil myeloperoxidase index in horses with systemic inflammation.. Vet J 2012 Jan;191(1):72-8.
    pubmed: 21262582doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.12.010google scholar: lookup
  15. Borde L, Amory H, Grulke S, Leroux AA, Houben RM, Detilleux J, Sandersen CC. Prognostic value of echocardiographic and Doppler parameters in horses admitted for colic complicated by systemic inflammatory response syndrome.. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2014 May-Jun;24(3):302-10.
    pubmed: 24690095doi: 10.1111/vec.12177google scholar: lookup
  16. Daniel AJ, Leise BS, Burgess BA, Morley PS, Cloninger M, Hassel DM. Concentrations of serum amyloid A and plasma fibrinogen in horses undergoing emergency abdominal surgery.. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2016 May;26(3):344-51.
    pubmed: 26274017doi: 10.1111/vec.12365google scholar: lookup
  17. Koenig JB, Hart J, Harris DM, Cruz AM, Bienzle D. Evaluation of endotoxin activity in blood measured via neutrophil chemiluminescence in healthy horses and horses with colic.. Am J Vet Res 2009 Oct;70(10):1183-6.
    pubmed: 19795931doi: 10.2460/ajvr.70.10.1183google scholar: lookup
  18. Greiner M, Pfeiffer D, Smith RD. Principles and practical application of the receiver-operating characteristic analysis for diagnostic tests.. Prev Vet Med 2000 May 30;45(1-2):23-41.
    pubmed: 10802332doi: 10.1016/s0167-5877(00)00115-xgoogle scholar: lookup
  19. Byars TD, Gonda KS. Equine history, physical examination, records, and recognizing abuse or neglect in patients. In: Smith BP, ed. Large Animal Internal Medicine, 4th ed St‐Louis, MO: Elsevier‐Mosby; 2015:13–20.
  20. Furr MO, Lessard P, White NA 2nd. Development of a colic severity score for predicting the outcome of equine colic.. Vet Surg 1995 Mar-Apr;24(2):97-101.
    pubmed: 7778263doi: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.1995.tb01302.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  21. Dukti S, White NA. Prognosticating equine colic.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2009 Aug;25(2):217-31.
    pubmed: 19580935doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2009.04.004google scholar: lookup
  22. Proudman CJ, Edwards GB, Barnes J, French NP. Modelling long-term survival of horses following surgery for large intestinal disease.. Equine Vet J 2005 Jul;37(4):366-70.
    pubmed: 16028630doi: 10.2746/0425164054529328google scholar: lookup
  23. Proudman CJ, Dugdale AH, Senior JM, Edwards GB, Smith JE, Leuwer ML, French NP. Pre-operative and anaesthesia-related risk factors for mortality in equine colic cases.. Vet J 2006 Jan;171(1):89-97.
    pubmed: 16427585doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2004.09.005google scholar: lookup
  24. van der Linden MA, Laffont CM, Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan MM. Prognosis in equine medical and surgical colic.. J Vet Intern Med 2003 May-Jun;17(3):343-8.
    pubmed: 12774977doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02459.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  25. Mair TS, Smith LJ. Survival and complication rates in 300 horses undergoing surgical treatment of colic. Part 1: Short-term survival following a single laparotomy.. Equine Vet J 2005 Jul;37(4):296-302.
    pubmed: 16028616doi: 10.2746/0425164054529409google scholar: lookup
  26. Wormstrand BH, Ihler CF, Diesen R, Krontveit RI. Surgical treatment of equine colic - a retrospective study of 297 surgeries in Norway 2005-2011.. Acta Vet Scand 2014 Jun 16;56(1):38.
    pmc: PMC4077634pubmed: 24934123doi: 10.1186/1751-0147-56-38google scholar: lookup
  27. Cohen ND, Woods AM. Characteristics and risk factors for failure of horses with acute diarrhea to survive: 122 cases (1990-1996).. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999 Feb 1;214(3):382-90.
    pubmed: 10023402
  28. Staempfli HR, Townsend HG, Prescott JF. Prognostic features and clinical presentation of acute idiopathic enterocolitis in horses.. Can Vet J 1991 Apr;32(4):232-7.
    pmc: PMC1481315pubmed: 17423769
  29. Johnston K, Holcombe SJ, Hauptman JG. Plasma lactate as a predictor of colonic viability and survival after 360 degrees volvulus of the ascending colon in horses.. Vet Surg 2007 Aug;36(6):563-7.
    pubmed: 17686130doi: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2007.00305.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  30. Moore JN, Owen RR, Lumsden JH. Clinical evaluation of blood lactate levels in equine colic.. Equine Vet J 1976 Apr;8(2):49-54.
    pubmed: 4300doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1976.tb03289.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  31. Parry BW, Anderson GA, Gay CC. Prognosis in equine colic: a comparative study of variables used to assess individual cases.. Equine Vet J 1983 Jul;15(3):211-5.
    pubmed: 6884310doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1983.tb01768.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  32. Radcliffe RM, Divers TJ, Fletcher DJ, Mohammed H, Kraus MS. Evaluation of L-lactate and cardiac troponin I in horses undergoing emergency abdominal surgery.. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2012 Jun;22(3):313-9.
    pubmed: 22702437doi: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2012.00744.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  33. Petersen MB, Tolver A, Husted L, Tølbøll TH, Pihl TH. Repeated measurements of blood lactate concentration as a prognostic marker in horses with acute colitis evaluated with classification and regression trees (CART) and random forest analysis.. Vet J 2016 Jul;213:18-23.
    pubmed: 27240909doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.03.012google scholar: lookup
  34. Tennent-Brown BS, Wilkins PA, Lindborg S, Russell G, Boston RC. Sequential plasma lactate concentrations as prognostic indicators in adult equine emergencies.. J Vet Intern Med 2010 Jan-Feb;24(1):198-205.
    pubmed: 19925572doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0419.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  35. Lambert JL, Fernandez NJ, Roy MF. Association of Presence of Band Cells and Toxic Neutrophils with Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome and Outcome in Horses with Acute Disease.. J Vet Intern Med 2016 Jul;30(4):1284-92.
    pmc: PMC5089578pubmed: 27214343doi: 10.1111/jvim.13968google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 34 times.
  1. Amory H, Cesarini C, De Maré L, Loublier C, Moula N, Detilleux J, Saulmont M, Garigliany MM, Lecoq L. Relationship between the Cycle Threshold Value (Ct) of a Salmonella spp. qPCR Performed on Feces and Clinical Signs and Outcome in Horses. Microorganisms 2023 Jul 30;11(8).
    doi: 10.3390/microorganisms11081950pubmed: 37630510google scholar: lookup
  2. Blangy-Letheule A, Vergnaud A, Dupas T, Rozec B, Lauzier B, Leroux AA. Spontaneous Sepsis in Adult Horses: From Veterinary to Human Medicine Perspectives. Cells 2023 Mar 30;12(7).
    doi: 10.3390/cells12071052pubmed: 37048125google scholar: lookup
  3. Martín-Cuervo M, Gracia-Calvo LA, Macías-García B, Ezquerra LJ, Barrera R. Evaluation of Eosinopenia as a SIRS Biomarker in Critically Ill Horses. Animals (Basel) 2022 Dec 15;12(24).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12243547pubmed: 36552467google scholar: lookup
  4. Cummings CO, Krucik DDR, Price E. Clinical predictive models in equine medicine: A systematic review. Equine Vet J 2023 Jul;55(4):573-583.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.13880pubmed: 36199162google scholar: lookup
  5. Sanmartí J, Armengou L, Troya-Portillo L, Robles-Guirado JÁ, Bassols A, Ríos J, Jose-Cunilleras E. Plasma-Ionized Magnesium in Hospitalized Horses with Gastrointestinal Disorders and Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome. Animals (Basel) 2022 Jun 7;12(12).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12121479pubmed: 35739816google scholar: lookup
  6. Contreras-Aguilar MD, Rubio CP, González-Arostegui LG, Martín-Cuervo M, Cerón JJ, Ayala I, Henriksen IH, Jacobsen S, Hansen S. Changes in Oxidative Status Biomarkers in Saliva and Serum in the Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome and Colic of Intestinal Aetiology: A Pilot Study. Animals (Basel) 2022 Mar 7;12(5).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12050667pubmed: 35268236google scholar: lookup
  7. Theuerkauf K, Obach-Schröck C, Staszyk C, Moritz A, Roscher KA. Activated platelets and platelet-leukocyte aggregates in the equine systemic inflammatory response syndrome. J Vet Diagn Invest 2022 May;34(3):448-457.
    doi: 10.1177/10406387221077969pubmed: 35168432google scholar: lookup
  8. Farrell A, Kersh K, Liepman R, Dembek KA. Development of a Colic Scoring System to Predict Outcome in Horses. Front Vet Sci 2021;8:697589.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.697589pubmed: 34692803google scholar: lookup
  9. Nocera I, Bonelli F, Vitale V, Meucci V, Conte G, Jose-Cunilleras E, Gracia-Calvo LA, Sgorbini M. Evaluation of Plasmatic Procalcitonin in Healthy, and in Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) Negative or Positive Colic Horses. Animals (Basel) 2021 Jul 6;11(7).
    doi: 10.3390/ani11072015pubmed: 34359143google scholar: lookup
  10. Luethy D, Feldman R, Stefanovski D, Aitken MR. Risk factors for laminitis and nonsurvival in acute colitis: Retrospective study of 85 hospitalized horses (2011-2019). J Vet Intern Med 2021 Jul;35(4):2019-2025.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.16147pubmed: 33938584google scholar: lookup
  11. Cequier A, Sanz C, Rodellar C, Barrachina L. The Usefulness of Mesenchymal Stem Cells beyond the Musculoskeletal System in Horses. Animals (Basel) 2021 Mar 25;11(4).
    doi: 10.3390/ani11040931pubmed: 33805967google scholar: lookup
  12. Vitale V, Berg LC, Larsen BB, Hannesdottir A, Dybdahl Thomsen P, Laursen SH, Verwilghen D, van Galen G. Blood glucose and subcutaneous continuous glucose monitoring in critically ill horses: A pilot study. PLoS One 2021;16(2):e0247561.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247561pubmed: 33626099google scholar: lookup
  13. Shnaiderman-Torban A, Marchaim D, Navon-Venezia S, Lubrani O, Paitan Y, Arielly H, Steinman A. Third Generation Cephalosporin Resistant Enterobacterales Infections in Hospitalized Horses and Donkeys: A Case-Case-Control Analysis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021 Feb 4;10(2).
    doi: 10.3390/antibiotics10020155pubmed: 33557061google scholar: lookup
  14. Witkowska-Piłaszewicz O, Cywińska A, Michlik-Połczyńska K, Czopowicz M, Strzelec K, Biazik A, Parzeniecka-Jaworska M, Crisman M, Witkowski L. Variations in haematological and biochemical parameters in healthy ponies. BMC Vet Res 2021 Jan 19;17(1):38.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-020-02741-5pubmed: 33468115google scholar: lookup
  15. Ehrmann C, Engel J, Moritz A, Roscher K. Assessment of platelet biology in equine patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021 Mar;33(2):300-307.
    doi: 10.1177/1040638720983791pubmed: 33353486google scholar: lookup
  16. Nocera I, Bonelli F, Meucci V, Rinnovati R, Spadari A, Intorre L, Pretti C, Sgorbini M. Evaluation of Protein Carbonyl Content in Healthy and Sick Hospitalized Horses. Front Vet Sci 2020;7:582886.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.582886pubmed: 33195603google scholar: lookup
  17. Scavone D, Sgorbini M, Borges AS, Oliveira-Filho JP, Vitale V, Paltrinieri S. Serial measurements of Paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) activity in horses with experimentally induced endotoxemia. BMC Vet Res 2020 Nov 4;16(1):422.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-020-02629-4pubmed: 33148245google scholar: lookup
  18. Ruggerone B, Paltrinieri S, Giordano A, Scavone D, Nocera I, Rinnovati R, Spadari A, Scacco L, Pratelli P, Sgorbini M. Paraoxonase-1 activity evaluation as a diagnostic and prognostic marker in horses and foals. J Vet Intern Med 2020 Mar;34(2):949-954.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.15722pubmed: 32154619google scholar: lookup
  19. Orr KE, Baker WT, Lynch TM, Hughes FE, Clark CK, Slone DE Jr, Fogle CA, Gonzalez LM. Prognostic value of colonic and peripheral venous lactate measurements in horses with large colon volvulus. Vet Surg 2020 Apr;49(3):472-479.
    doi: 10.1111/vsu.13361pubmed: 31916608google scholar: lookup
  20. Stewart AJ, Hackett E, Bertin FR, Towns TJ. Cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone concentrations in horses with systemic inflammatory response syndrome. J Vet Intern Med 2019 Sep;33(5):2257-2266.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.15620pubmed: 31512777google scholar: lookup
  21. Savage VL, Marr CM, Bailey M, Smith S. Prevalence of acute kidney injury in a population of hospitalized horses. J Vet Intern Med 2019 Sep;33(5):2294-2301.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.15569pubmed: 31436910google scholar: lookup
  22. Contreras-Aguilar MD, Escribano D, Martínez-Subiela S, Martín-Cuervo M, Lamy E, Tecles F, Cerón JJ. Changes in saliva analytes in equine acute abdominal disease: a sialochemistry approach. BMC Vet Res 2019 Jun 6;15(1):187.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-019-1933-6pubmed: 31170977google scholar: lookup
  23. Fernandez NJ, Roy MF. Do plasma protein:fibrinogen ratios in horses provide additional information compared with fibrinogen concentration alone?. Can Vet J 2019 Jun;60(6):625-629.
    pubmed: 31156263
  24. Sheats MK. A Comparative Review of Equine SIRS, Sepsis, and Neutrophils. Front Vet Sci 2019;6:69.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00069pubmed: 30931316google scholar: lookup
  25. Contreras-Aguilar MD, Escribano D, Martín-Cuervo M, Tecles F, Cerón JJ. Salivary alpha-amylase activity and cortisol in horses with acute abdominal disease: a pilot study. BMC Vet Res 2018 May 10;14(1):156.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-018-1482-4pubmed: 29747642google scholar: lookup
  26. Nocera I, Cingottini D, Di Franco C, Sala G, Bindi F, Spadari A, Rinnovati R, Vitale V, Jose-Cunilleras E, Sgorbini M. In-Depth Analysis of the Prognostic Factors Associated with Short-Term Outcome in Equine Colic Patients: Multicentric Retrospective Study. Animals (Basel) 2026 Feb 5;16(3).
    doi: 10.3390/ani16030496pubmed: 41681477google scholar: lookup
  27. Bernick A, Krohn J, Wehrend A. Patent Urachus and Associated Comorbidities in 101 Newborn Foals: A Retrospective Study. Vet Med Sci 2025 May;11(3):e70379.
    doi: 10.1002/vms3.70379pubmed: 40294115google scholar: lookup
  28. Macleod BM, Wilkins PA, McCoy AM, Bishop RC. Integration of machine learning and viscoelastic testing to improve survival prediction in horses experiencing acute abdominal pain at a veterinary teaching hospital. Equine Vet J 2026 Jan;58(1):105-114.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.14517pubmed: 40275538google scholar: lookup
  29. Martin E, Sarkan K, Viall A, Hostetter S, Epstein K. Clinicopathologic Parameters of Peritoneal Fluid as Predictors of Gastrointestinal Lesions, Complications, and Outcomes in Equine Colic Patients: A Retrospective Study. Animals (Basel) 2024 Dec 24;15(1).
    doi: 10.3390/ani15010012pubmed: 39794955google scholar: lookup
  30. Gomez DE, Kopper JJ, Byrne DP, Renaud DL, Schoster A, Dunkel B, Arroyo LG, Mykkanen A, Gilsenan WF, Pihl TH, Lopez-Navarro G, Tennent-Brown BS, Hostnik LD, Mora-Pereira M, Marques F, Gold JR, DeNotta SL, Desjardins I, Stewart AJ, Kuroda T, Schaefer E, Oliver-Espinosa OJ, Agne GF, Uberti B, Veiras P, Delph Miller KM, Gialleti R, John E, Toribio RE. Treatment approaches to horses with acute diarrhea admitted to referral institutions: A multicenter retrospective study. PLoS One 2024;19(11):e0313783.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0313783pubmed: 39565809google scholar: lookup
  31. Bayless RL, Cooper BL, Sheats MK. Extracted Plasma Cell-Free DNA Concentrations Are Elevated in Colic Patients with Systemic Inflammation. Vet Sci 2024 Sep 12;11(9).
    doi: 10.3390/vetsci11090427pubmed: 39330806google scholar: lookup
  32. Hobbs KJ, Bayless R, Sheats MK. A Comparative Review of Cytokines and Cytokine Targeting in Sepsis: From Humans to Horses. Cells 2024 Sep 5;13(17).
    doi: 10.3390/cells13171489pubmed: 39273060google scholar: lookup
  33. Benedetti B, Freccero F, Barton J, Elmallah F, Refat S, Padalino B. A Retrospective Study on the Status of Working Equids Admitted to an Equine Clinic in Cairo: Disease Prevalence and Associations between Physical Parameters and Outcome. Animals (Basel) 2024 Mar 6;14(5).
    doi: 10.3390/ani14050817pubmed: 38473201google scholar: lookup
  34. Giraldo AF, Carballo R, Serrenho RC, Tran V, Valverde A, Renaud DL, Gomez DE. Association of the type of metabolic acidosis and non-survival of horses with colitis. Can Vet J 2023 Nov;64(11):1044-1050.
    pubmed: 37915775
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,970 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.