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Home / Equine Research Bank / Animals (Basel) / Quantifying the Impact of Mounted Load Carrying on Equids: A...
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2021; 11(5); 1333; doi: 10.3390/ani11051333

Quantifying the Impact of Mounted Load Carrying on Equids: A Review.

Abstract: There are approximately 112 million working equids in developing countries, many of which are associated with brick kilns. Brick kilns and overloading are associated with welfare problems in working equids. Understanding equids' abilities and influencing factors are important for both effective performance and welfare. Traditionally, measurement of the amount of 'bone' was used, and more recently, gait symmetry has been identified as a potential marker for loading capacity. Assessment of stride parameters and gait kinematics provides insights into adaptations to loading and may help determine cut-off loads. Physiological factors such as the ability to regain normal heart rates shortly after work is an important tool for equine fitness assessment and a more accurate measure of load-carrying capacity than absolute heart rate. Oxidative stress, plasma lactate, and serum creatine kinase activity are reliable biochemical indicators of loading ability. For monitoring stress, salivary cortisol is superior to serum cortisol level for assessment of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and is related to eye temperatures, but this has yet to be interpreted in terms of load-carrying ability in equids. Further research is needed to standardize the evidence-based load-carrying capacity of working horses and donkeys.
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Publication Date: 2021-05-07 PubMed ID: 34067208PubMed Central: PMC8151148DOI: 10.3390/ani11051333Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research article reviews various methods for assessing the load-carrying capabilities of working equids—horses, donkeys, and mules—in developing countries. By analyzing physical, physiological, and biochemical factors, the study aims to provide a more complete understanding of equid welfare and work performance.

Factors Influencing Load Carrying Capacity

  • The size of the equid, traditionally measured in the amount of ‘bone’, has often been used as an indicator of load-carrying capacity. Larger animals are generally assumed to be able to carry more weight.
  • Gait symmetry plays a key role in understanding equids’ abilities to handle loads. The way an animal moves can provide insights into how it adapts to carrying weight, and potential related welfare issues.
  • Stride parameters and gait kinematics, or the study of movement, may offer additional insights into how these animals adapt to load carrying. It can potentially help determine what loads are too heavy for them.

Physiological and Biochemical indicators

  • The rate at which an equid’s heart returns to its normal rate after work is a key indicator of fitness and, consequently, its load-carrying capacity. This factor is considered more accurate than measuring the absolute heart rate.
  • Biochemical markers such as oxidative stress, plasma lactate, and serum creatine kinase activity are reliable indicators of an equid’s ability to handle load. These indicators relate to the animal’s muscle function and recovery.
  • Stress levels relate to load-carrying capacity as well. The level of cortisol (a stress hormone) in an equid’s saliva is linked to the activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis—which controls reactions to stress and regulates many body processes—and is considered superior to serum cortisol level for this assessment. This salivary cortisol level correlates with eye temperatures, a potential non-invasive method of stress measurement.

Future Research Directions

  • Further research is proposed to standardize the methods of assessing load-carrying capacity. It will both optimize the performance of working equids in developing countries and ensure their welfare is taken into account. This is particularly significant in sectors such as brick kilns which are associated with overloading and related welfare problems.

Cite This Article

APA
Bukhari SSUH, McElligott AG, Parkes RSV. (2021). Quantifying the Impact of Mounted Load Carrying on Equids: A Review. Animals (Basel), 11(5), 1333. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11051333

Publication

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 11
Issue: 5
PII: 1333

Researcher Affiliations

Bukhari, Syed S U H
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
McElligott, Alan G
  • Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
  • Centre for Companion Animal Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
Parkes, Rebecca S V
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
  • Centre for Companion Animal Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.

Grant Funding

  • 9610463 / City University of Hong Kong

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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