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Cartilage2018; 12(2); 211-221; doi: 10.1177/1947603518812562

Quantitative Evaluation of Equine Articular Cartilage Using Cationic Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomography.

Abstract: To investigate the diffusion trajectory of a cationic contrast medium (CA4+) into equine articular cartilage, and to assess normal and degenerative equine articular cartilage using cationic contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT). In the first experiment (Exp1), equine osteochondral specimens were serially imaged with cationic CECT to establish the diffusion time constant and time to reach equilibrium in healthy articular cartilage. In a separate experiment (Exp2), articular cartilage defects were created on the femoral trochlea (defect joint) in a juvenile horse, while the opposite joint was a sham-operated control. After 7 weeks, osteochondral biopsies were collected throughout the articular surfaces of both joints. Biopsies were analyzed for cationic CECT attenuation, glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content, mechanical stiffness (E), and histology. Imaging, biochemical and mechanical data were compared between defect and control joints. Exp1: The mean diffusion time constant was longer for medial condyle cartilage (3.05 ± 0.1 hours) than lateral condyle cartilage (1.54 ± 0.3 hours, = 0.04). Exp2: Cationic CECT attenuation was lower in the defect joint than the control joint ( = 0.005) and also varied by anatomic location ( = 0.045). Mean cationic CECT attenuation from the lateral trochlear ridge was lower in the defect joint than in the control joint (2223 ± 329 HU and 2667 ± 540 HU, respectively; = 0.02). Cationic CECT attenuation was strongly correlated with both GAG (ρ = 0.79, < 0.0001) and E (ρ = 0.61, < 0.0001). The equilibration time of CA4+ into equine articular cartilage is affected by tissue volume. Quantitative cationic CECT imaging reflects the biochemical, biomechanical and histological state of normal and degenerative equine articular cartilage.
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Publication Date: 2018-12-02 PubMed ID: 33722083PubMed Central: PMC7970376DOI: 10.1177/1947603518812562Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research examines the use of a cationic contrast medium for studying equine articular cartilage through contrast-enhanced computed tomography. This study can help determine the behavior of the cationic contrast medium and its relationship to the health and characteristics of cartilage in horses.

Introduction of Study and Methodology

  • The researchers performed two experiments to understand the diffusion trajectory of a cationic contrast agent (CA4+) into equine (horse) articular cartilage, using a method known as cationic contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT).
  • In the first experiment (Exp1), osteochondral specimens from horses were continuously imaged with cationic CECT to determine the diffusion time constant and the time it takes to reach equilibrium in healthy cartilage.
  • The second experiment (Exp2) involved creating cartilage defects in a juvenile horse’s femoral trochlea, with the opposite joint used as a control. After a period of seven weeks, biopsies from the joints were taken and analyzed using cationic CECT for attenuation, glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content, mechanical stiffness (E), and histology.

Findings and Analysis from Experiments

  • In Exp1, it was observed that the diffusion time constant was longer in the medial condyle cartilage compared to the lateral condyle cartilage.
  • In Exp2, the results showed that the cationic CECT attenuation was lower in the joint with the defect compared to the control joint. Additionally, the attenuation varied by the anatomical location.
  • When comparing cationic CECT attenuation with GAG and E, a strong correlation was noticed- signifying that the measures of cartilage health (GAG content and mechanical stiffness) were closely related to the distribution and concentration of the contrast agent.

Study Conclusions

  • The research showed that the time for CA4+ to reach equilibrium in the equine articular cartilage is affected by tissue volume, indicating that the volume of the cartilage can impact diffusion rates.
  • The study also suggested that cationic CECT imaging can provide valuable insights about the biochemical, biomechanical, and histological state of normal and degenerative equine articular cartilage. This implies that this imaging technique could be a useful tool for assessing the health and status of horse cartilage.

Cite This Article

APA
Nelson BB, Stewart RC, Kawcak CE, Freedman JD, Patwa AN, Snyder BD, Goodrich LR, Grinstaff MW. (2018). Quantitative Evaluation of Equine Articular Cartilage Using Cationic Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomography. Cartilage, 12(2), 211-221. https://doi.org/10.1177/1947603518812562

Publication

Cartilage
ISSN: 1947-6043
NlmUniqueID: 101518378
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 12
Issue: 2
Pages: 211-221

Researcher Affiliations

Nelson, Brad B
  • Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
Stewart, Rachel C
  • Imaging Scientist, inviCRO, LLC, Boston, MA, USA.
Kawcak, Chris E
  • Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
Freedman, Jonathan D
  • Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, School of Surgery, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.
Patwa, Amit N
  • Navrachana University, Vadodra, Gujarat, India.
Snyder, Brian D
  • Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Goodrich, Laurie R
  • Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
Grinstaff, Mark W
  • Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Biomechanical Phenomena
  • Cartilage, Articular / diagnostic imaging
  • Cartilage, Articular / physiopathology
  • Contrast Media
  • Disease Models, Animal
  • Glycosaminoglycans / metabolism
  • Horses
  • Osteoarthritis / diagnostic imaging
  • Osteoarthritis / physiopathology
  • Osteoarthritis / veterinary
  • Range of Motion, Articular
  • Tomography, X-Ray Computed / methods

Grant Funding

  • R01 GM098361 / NIGMS NIH HHS
  • T32 GM008541 / NIGMS NIH HHS

Conflict of Interest Statement

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

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