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Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association2001; 217(12); 1799-1811; doi: 10.2460/javma.2000.217.1799

Rabies surveillance in the United States during 1999.

Abstract: During 1999, 49 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico reported 7,067 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, a decrease of 11.2% from 7,961 cases in nonhuman animals and 1 case in a human being reported in 1998. More than 91% (6,466 cases) were in wild animals, whereas 8.5% (601 cases) were in domestic species (compared with 92.4% in wild animals and 7.6% in domestic species in 1998). No cases of rabies were reported in human beings in 1999. Decreases were evident in all major species groups, with the exception of cattle, sheep/goats, and swine. The relative contributions of the major groups to the total reported were as follows: raccoons (41.0%; 2,872 cases), skunks (29.4%; 2,076), bats (14.0%; 989), foxes (5.4%; 384), cats (3.9%; 278), cattle (1.9%; 135), and dogs (1.6%; 111). Reported cases (6) associated with the epizootic of rabies in raccoons in Ohio declined from the 26 cases reported in 1998. Fifteen of the 19 states where the raccoon variant of the rabies virus is enzootic reported fewer cases of rabies during 1999. Massachusetts and Rhode Island, states with enzootic rabies in raccoons, each reported more rabid skunks than rabid raccoons for the third consecutive year. In Texas, cases associated with the enzootic canine variants of the rabies virus remained low (10 cases), whereas cases associated with the gray fox variant of the virus increased (66). Cases of rabies in skunks decreased by 8.6%, compared with those reported in 1998. Michigan reported the largest percentage increase in rabid skunks (950.0%; 2 cases in 1998 to 21 in 1999). Cases of rabies in horses and mules declined 21%, from 82 cases in 1998 to 65 in 1999. Cases of rabies reported in bats (989) were similar in number to those reported in 1998 (992) and represented almost 14.0% of the total number of rabid animals reported during 1999. Reported cases of rabies in cats (278) and dogs (111) decreased by 1.4% and 1.8%, respectively, whereas cases in cattle (135) increased by 16.4%, compared with those reported in 1998.
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Publication Date: 2001-01-02 PubMed ID: 11132881DOI: 10.2460/javma.2000.217.1799Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research study provides an analysis of rabies patterns in the United States illustrated through data from 1999. According to the study, the reported cases of rabies in non-human animals decreased from the previous year, yet concentration of rabies still remained higher in wild animals as compared to domestic species.

Detailed Rabies Surveillance Results

  • The paper shows that the United States witnessed a decrease of 11.2% in rabies cases in non-human animals from 1998 to 1999. The 1999 data, collected from 49 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico, reported 7,067 cases compared to 7,961 cases reported in 1998.
  • The majority of these cases (over 91% or 6,466 cases) were found in wild animals, while 8.5% (601 cases) occurred in domestic species – a slight increase from 1998 data (7.6% in domestic species).

    • Species-specific Findings

  • In 1999, certain species like cattle, sheep/goats, and swine did not exhibit a decrease in rabies cases. The largest contributors to the total rabies cases were reportedly raccoons (41.0%; 2,872 cases), followed by skunks (29.4%; 2,076 cases), bats (14.0%; 989 cases), foxes (5.4%; 384 cases), cats (3.9%; 278 cases), cattle (1.9%; 135 cases), and dogs (1.6%; 111 cases).
  • Rabies cases associated with raccoons in Ohio showed a decline from 26 cases in 1998 to 6 in 1999. Similarly, 15 out of the 19 states where the raccoon variant of the rabies virus was enzootic reported fewer cases in 1999.
  • Conversely, in the states of Massachusetts and Rhode Island, the number of rabid skunks outnumbered that of rabid raccoons for the third consecutive year. In Texas, despite the cases associated with the enzootic canine variants of the rabies virus remaining low (10 cases), there was an increase in cases associated with the gray fox variant of the virus (66 cases).

    • Comparative Cases amongst Animals

  • Case counts in different animal groups showed varied changes from the previous year. Rabies cases in skunks decreased by 8.6%, while Michigan reported the largest percentage increase in rabid skunks (950% from 2 cases in 1998 to 21 in 1999).
  • Cases in horses and mules declined by 21% from the previous year. Cases in cats and dogs decreased by 1.4% and 1.8% respectively, while those in cattle increased by 16.4% as compared to 1998.
  • Reported cases of rabies in bats remained almost the same as in 1998 and made up almost 14.0% of the total number of rabid animals reported in 1999.

    • Cite This Article

    APA
    Krebs JW, Rupprecht CE, Childs JE. (2001). Rabies surveillance in the United States during 1999. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 217(12), 1799-1811. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.2000.217.1799

    Publication

    Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
    ISSN: 0003-1488
    NlmUniqueID: 7503067
    Country: United States
    Language: English
    Volume: 217
    Issue: 12
    Pages: 1799-1811

    Researcher Affiliations

    Krebs, J W
    • Viral and Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
    Rupprecht, C E
      Childs, J E

        MeSH Terms

        • Animals
        • Animals, Domestic
        • Animals, Wild
        • Canada / epidemiology
        • Cat Diseases / epidemiology
        • Cat Diseases / transmission
        • Cat Diseases / virology
        • Cats
        • Cattle
        • Cattle Diseases / epidemiology
        • Cattle Diseases / transmission
        • Cattle Diseases / virology
        • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.
        • Chiroptera / virology
        • Dog Diseases / epidemiology
        • Dog Diseases / transmission
        • Dog Diseases / virology
        • Dogs
        • Foxes / virology
        • Humans
        • Mephitidae / virology
        • Mexico / epidemiology
        • Public Health / statistics & numerical data
        • Rabies / epidemiology
        • Rabies / transmission
        • Raccoons / virology
        • Seasons
        • United States / epidemiology

        Citations

        This article has been cited 6 times.
        1. Kumar B, Manuja A, Gulati BR, Virmani N, Tripathi BN. Zoonotic Viral Diseases of Equines and Their Impact on Human and Animal Health. Open Virol J 2018;12:80-98.
          doi: 10.2174/1874357901812010080pubmed: 30288197google scholar: lookup
        2. Gnanadurai CW, Huang CT, Kumar D, Fu ZF. Novel Approaches to the Prevention and Treatment of Rabies. Int J Virol Stud Res 2015 Apr;3(1):8-16.
          doi: 10.19070/2330-0027-150002pubmed: 27891529google scholar: lookup
        3. Hayman DT, Bowen RA, Cryan PM, McCracken GF, O'Shea TJ, Peel AJ, Gilbert A, Webb CT, Wood JL. Ecology of zoonotic infectious diseases in bats: current knowledge and future directions. Zoonoses Public Health 2013 Feb;60(1):2-21.
          doi: 10.1111/zph.12000pubmed: 22958281google scholar: lookup
        4. Lackay SN, Kuang Y, Fu ZF. Rabies in small animals. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2008 Jul;38(4):851-61, ix.
          doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.03.003pubmed: 18501283google scholar: lookup
        5. Arguin PM, Murray-Lillibridge K, Miranda ME, Smith JS, Calaor AB, Rupprecht CE. Serologic evidence of Lyssavirus infections among bats, the Philippines. Emerg Infect Dis 2002 Mar;8(3):258-62.
          doi: 10.3201/eid0803.010330pubmed: 11927022google scholar: lookup
        6. Finnegan CJ, Brookes SM, Johnson N, Smith J, Mansfield KL, Keene VL, McElhinney LM, Fooks AR. Rabies in North America and Europe. J R Soc Med 2002 Jan;95(1):9-13.
          doi: 10.1177/014107680209500104pubmed: 11773344google scholar: lookup
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