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PloS one2012; 7(9); e44713; doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044713

Re-emergence of the apicomplexan Theileria equi in the United States: elimination of persistent infection and transmission risk.

Abstract: Arthropod-borne apicomplexan pathogens that cause asymptomatic persistent infections present a significant challenge due to their life-long transmission potential. Although anti-microbials have been used to ameliorate acute disease in animals and humans, chemotherapeutic efficacy for apicomplexan pathogen elimination from a persistently infected host and removal of transmission risk is largely unconfirmed. The recent re-emergence of the apicomplexan Theileria equi in U.S. horses prompted testing whether imidocarb dipropionate was able to eliminate T. equi from naturally infected horses and remove transmission risk. Following imidocarb treatment, levels of T. equi declined from a mean of 10(4.9) organisms/ml of blood to undetectable by nested PCR in 24 of 25 naturally infected horses. Further, blood transfer from treated horses that became nested PCR negative failed to transmit to naïve splenectomized horses. Although these results were consistent with elimination of infection in 24 of 25 horses, T. equi-specific antibodies persisted in the majority of imidocarb treated horses. Imidocarb treatment was unsuccessful in one horse which remained infected as measured by nested PCR and retained the ability to infect a naïve recipient via intravenous blood transfer. However, a second round of treatment eliminated T. equi infection. These results support the utility of imidocarb chemotherapy for assistance in the control and eradication of this tick-borne pathogen. Successful imidocarb dipropionate treatment of persistently infected horses provides a tool to aid the global equine industry by removing transmission risk associated with infection and facilitating international movement of equids between endemic and non-endemic regions.
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Publication Date: 2012-09-06 PubMed ID: 22970295PubMed Central: PMC3435266DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044713Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research looks into the use of imidocarb dipropionate to eliminate the re-emerging apicomplexan Theileria equi in horses, in order to stop its transmission. The experiments indicate that the chemical was predominately successful in eradicating the pathogen with minimal side effects, hence reducing transmission risk.

Challenges of Asymptomatic Persistent Infections

  • Arthropod-borne apicomplexan pathogens cause asymptomatic persistent infections, posing a significant challenge due to their life-long transmission potential.
  • Despite the use of anti-microbials to minimize acute disease in animals, the efficacy of chemotherapy in pathogen elimination and removing transmission risk remains largely unconfirmed.

Re-emergence of Theileria equi

  • Theileria equi, a type of apicomplexan, has recently re-emerged in horses in the United States, raising the need to verify the effectiveness of imidocarb dipropionate in eliminating this microorganism from naturally infected horses and alleviating transmission risk.

Effect of Imidocarb Dipropionate on T. equi

  • The study shows that after imidocarb treatment, T. equi levels declined to undetectable levels by nested PCR in 24 out of 25 naturally infected horses.
  • Blood transferred from treated horses that tested negative for T. equi failed to transmit the pathogen to healthy splenectomized horses, suggesting the elimination of the infection in the majority of instances.
  • However, T. equi-specific antibodies continued to exist in most of the imidocarb-treated horses and the treatment was ineffective in one horse which remained infected. This horse could still infect a healthy recipient animal through intravenous blood transfer.

Second Round of Treatment and Implications

  • Upon administering a second round of imidocarb treatments, successful elimination of T. equi infection was observed in the previously treatment-resistant horse.
  • This supports the applicability of imidocarb chemotherapy not just in the control of, but also potentially in the eradication of this tick-borne pathogen. It provides a method to aid the global equine industry by eliminating transmission risk associated with infection.
  • This successful treatment of persistently infected horses could facilitate the international movement of equids between endemic and non-endemic regions.

Cite This Article

APA
Ueti MW, Mealey RH, Kappmeyer LS, White SN, Kumpula-McWhirter N, Pelzel AM, Grause JF, Bunn TO, Schwartz A, Traub-Dargatz JL, Hendrickson A, Espy B, Guthrie AJ, Fowler WK, Knowles DP. (2012). Re-emergence of the apicomplexan Theileria equi in the United States: elimination of persistent infection and transmission risk. PLoS One, 7(9), e44713. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0044713

Publication

PloS one
ISSN: 1932-6203
NlmUniqueID: 101285081
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 7
Issue: 9
Pages: e44713
PII: e44713

Researcher Affiliations

Ueti, Massaro W
  • Animal Diseases Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Pullman, Washington, United States of America. massaro@vetmed.wsu.edu
Mealey, Robert H
    Kappmeyer, Lowell S
      White, Stephen N
        Kumpula-McWhirter, Nancy
          Pelzel, Angela M
            Grause, Juanita F
              Bunn, Thomas O
                Schwartz, Andy
                  Traub-Dargatz, Josie L
                    Hendrickson, Amy
                      Espy, Benjamin
                        Guthrie, Alan J
                          Fowler, W Kent
                            Knowles, Donald P

                              MeSH Terms

                              • Animals
                              • Antiprotozoal Agents / therapeutic use
                              • Female
                              • Horse Diseases / drug therapy
                              • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
                              • Horse Diseases / parasitology
                              • Horse Diseases / transmission
                              • Horses
                              • Imidocarb / analogs & derivatives
                              • Imidocarb / therapeutic use
                              • Polymerase Chain Reaction
                              • Risk Factors
                              • Theileria / isolation & purification
                              • Theileriasis / epidemiology
                              • Theileriasis / parasitology
                              • Theileriasis / transmission
                              • United States / epidemiology

                              Conflict of Interest Statement

                              The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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