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Stress biology2026; 6(1); 5; doi: 10.1007/s44154-025-00274-1

Review: Genomic insights into the adaptive traits and stress resistance in modern horses.

Abstract: The domestication and selective breeding of horses have profoundly influenced the emergence of adaptive traits and stress resistance mechanisms, shaping modern equine populations. This comprehensive review examines the genomic foundations of these traits, emphasizing recent advancements in high-throughput sequencing technologies and bioinformatics. These tools have elucidated the genetic underpinnings of key characteristics such as endurance, speed, metabolic efficiency, and disease resistance. Importantly, the review identifies and connects gene variants associated with thermoregulation, immune function, and cellular repair mechanisms, shedding light on their synergistic roles in enabling horses to adapt to diverse environmental challenges and physiological stressors. By establishing these causal links, this review enhances the coherence between genomic findings and their implications for equine biology. Furthermore, the integration of genomic insights provides a framework for addressing contemporary challenges in horse management and conservation. Issues such as climate change, disease outbreaks, and the preservation of genetic diversity demand innovative strategies grounded in genomics. By bridging the findings on equine adaptation and stress resistance mechanisms with practical applications in breeding and management, this review highlights the potential of genomics to ensure the sustainability and resilience of equine populations in the face of evolving environmental and societal pressures. This expanded perspective underscores the critical role of genomics in both understanding the evolutionary trajectory of horses and guiding future practices in equine health and conservation.
Publication Date: 2026-01-12 PubMed ID: 41521281PubMed Central: PMC12791104DOI: 10.1007/s44154-025-00274-1Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article
  • Review

Summary

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Genomic research has uncovered the genetic basis for adaptive traits and stress resistance in modern horses, highlighting how selective breeding and advanced sequencing technologies have shaped these characteristics for improved performance and resilience.

Overview of Research Focus

  • The study reviews the impact of domestication and selective breeding on the evolution of key adaptive traits in horses.
  • It centers on the genomic foundation of traits such as endurance, speed, metabolic efficiency, and disease resistance.
  • Emphasizes the role of recent advances in high-throughput sequencing technologies and bioinformatics in understanding equine genetics.

Genetic Underpinnings of Key Traits

  • Identification of gene variants involved in essential adaptive characteristics:
    • Endurance and speed: genes influencing muscle function, energy metabolism, and cardiovascular capacity.
    • Metabolic efficiency: genes responsible for optimizing energy use and nutrient processing.
    • Disease resistance: gene variants that improve immune responses and protect against common equine illnesses.
  • Key gene variants related to thermoregulation help horses maintain body temperature in diverse climates.
  • Genes associated with immune function enhance resistance to pathogens and contribute to overall health.
  • Cellular repair mechanisms at the genetic level support recovery from stress and injury.

Synergistic Roles of Gene Variants

  • The review highlights how multiple gene variants work together to enable horses to adapt to environmental challenges.
  • Such synergistic interactions allow horses to withstand physiological stressors such as extreme temperatures and infectious disease exposure.
  • This integrated genetic network is crucial for the survival and performance of modern equine populations.

Implications for Equine Biology and Management

  • Understanding the genomic basis of adaptation and stress resistance helps explain horses’ evolutionary development.
  • Genomic insights provide practical frameworks for improving breeding programs aimed at enhancing desired traits.
  • Management strategies can be tailored to better support horses based on their genetic predispositions, improving health and wellbeing.

Addressing Contemporary Challenges

  • The review emphasizes the importance of genomics in facing modern challenges such as climate change and disease outbreaks.
  • Preserving genetic diversity is critical to maintaining adaptive potential in horse populations.
  • Genomic tools allow for the identification of genetic markers useful for conservation and sustainable breeding.
  • Innovative solutions based on genetic knowledge can help ensure the resilience and sustainability of equine populations under evolving environmental and societal conditions.

Conclusion

  • This comprehensive review connects current genomic discoveries with practical applications in horse health, breeding, and conservation.
  • It highlights the vital role of genomics not only in understanding horse evolution but also in guiding future equine management strategies.
  • The expanding genomic landscape offers promising avenues to enhance the sustainability and adaptability of horses worldwide.

Cite This Article

APA
Jafari H, Abebe BK, Cong L, Ahmed Z, Zhaofei W, Sun M, Muhatai G, Chuzhao L, Dang R. (2026). Review: Genomic insights into the adaptive traits and stress resistance in modern horses. Stress Biol, 6(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44154-025-00274-1

Publication

ISSN: 2731-0450
NlmUniqueID: 9918284258406676
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 6
Issue: 1
Pages: 5
PII: 5

Researcher Affiliations

Jafari, Halima
  • Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
Abebe, Belete Kuraz
  • Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
Cong, Li
  • Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
Ahmed, Zulfiqar
  • Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Poonch Rawalakot, Rawalakot, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, 12350, Pakistan.
Zhaofei, Wang
  • Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
Sun, Minhao
  • Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
Muhatai, Gemingguli
  • College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, China.
Chuzhao, Lei
  • Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
Dang, Ruihua
  • Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China. dangruihua@nwsuaf.edu.cn.

Grant Funding

  • K4050422227 / Third National Census of Livestock and Poultry Genetic Resources
  • 2024YFD1300500 / National Key R&D Program of China
  • 2025NC-YBXM-110 / Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province

Conflict of Interest Statement

Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: We have no competing interest to declare.

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