FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Equine Vet J / Risk factors for duration of equine rhinitis A virus respira...
Equine veterinary journal2019; 52(3); 369-373; doi: 10.1111/evj.13204

Risk factors for duration of equine rhinitis A virus respiratory disease.

Abstract: Infectious respiratory disease is common in young horses and can impact athletic performance and long-term health. Significant variation in the duration of clinical disease has been observed, even in the absence of secondary complications. The determination of factors associated with disease chronicity may facilitate clinical decision-making and the development of improved biosecurity protocols. Objective: To investigate contact network characteristics, and demographic variables associated with time to clinical recovery from Equine Rhinitis A virus respiratory disease. Methods: Prospective cohort study. Methods: Yearling Standardbred racehorses (n = 58) housed in a multi-barn training facility in Southern Ontario were included. Horses were monitored daily for clinical signs of acute respiratory disease over a 41-day period in Autumn 2017. Contact patterns between horses, including older racehorses, were determined through use of proximity loggers attached to halters during the initial 7-day of the study. Associations between duration of disease, demographic factors (birth month, gait, sex and yearling sale), serologic titres and network metrics (degree, betweenness and Eigenvector centrality) were investigated using a Cox proportional hazard model. Results: Yearling attack rate for infectious respiratory disease was 87.9% (n = 51). Median time to recovery was 6 days (IQR = 1-32) and 17 horses were censored due to early withdrawal or failure to recover during the study period. In those yearlings born February-May, birth month was significant in the Cox proportional hazard model (Hazard Ratio 0.7, 95% CI 0.49-1, P = 0.05). Conclusions: Probability of censoring was not independent of outcome which necessitated use of sensitivity analysis. Conclusions: These findings suggest late born foals are less likely to recover quickly from infectious respiratory disease.
© 2019 EVJ Ltd.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2019-11-28 PubMed ID: 31710114DOI: 10.1111/evj.13204Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article deals with a study on equine rhinitis A virus respiratory disease in racehorses, identifying factors which impact recovery times and disease duration. It highlights a potential link between birth month and rate of recovery.

Objective and Methodology

  • The objective of the study was to investigate contact network characteristics and demographic factors affecting the time taken by horses to recover from equine rhinitis A virus respiratory disease.
  • This was carried out as a prospective cohort study, where 58 yearling Standardbred racehorses from a training facility in Southern Ontario were monitored over a 41-day period in the autumn of 2017.
  • The research used contact loggers attached to the halters to understand contact patterns between horses in the initial week of the study.
  • Variables such as the horse’s birth month, gait, sex, and yearling sale, along with serologic titres and network metrics, were taken into account. A Cox proportional hazard model was used to investigate the association between these factors and the duration of the disease.

Results

  • It was found that the yearling attack rate for infectious respiratory disease was 87.9% (51 out of 58 horses), with the median time to recovery being 6 days. Seventeen horses had to be withdrawn early or failed to recover during the study period.
  • Birth month, particularly for foals born between February and May, was a significant factor in the Cox proportional hazard model, reducing the chances of quick recovery. The Hazard Ratio was 0.7 with a 95% confidence interval of 0.49 to 1 (P = 0.05).

Conclusions

  • The study concluded that the chance of censoring was not independent of the outcome, prompting the researchers to use sensitivity analysis.
  • The results suggest that late-born foals have a lower chance of a quick recovery from the infectious respiratory disease, providing new insights for decision-making processes in clinical and biosecurity protocols.

Cite This Article

APA
Rossi TM, Moore A, O'Sullivan TL, Greer AL. (2019). Risk factors for duration of equine rhinitis A virus respiratory disease. Equine Vet J, 52(3), 369-373. https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.13204

Publication

Equine veterinary journal
ISSN: 2042-3306
NlmUniqueID: 0173320
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 52
Issue: 3
Pages: 369-373

Researcher Affiliations

Rossi, T M
  • Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
Moore, A
  • Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
O'Sullivan, T L
  • Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
Greer, A L
  • Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Aphthovirus
  • Horse Diseases
  • Horses
  • Ontario
  • Prospective Studies
  • Risk Factors

Grant Funding

  • Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (OMAFRA)
  • Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)

References

This article includes 27 references
  1. Hernandez J, Hawkins DL. Training failure among yearling horses. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2001 62, 1418-1422.
  2. Bailey CJ, Rose RJ, Reid SWJ, Hodgson DR. Wastage in the Australian Thoroughbred racing industry: a survey of Sydney trainers. Aust. Vet. J. 1997 75, 64-66.
  3. Lunn DP, Davis-Poynter N, Flaminio MJBF, Horohov DW, Osterrieder K, Pusterla N, Townsend HGG. Equine herpesvirus-1 consensus statement. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2009 23, 450-461.
  4. Gilkerson JR, Bailey KE, Diaz-Méndez A, Hartley CA. Update on viral diseases of the equine respiratory tract. Vet. Clin. N. Am.: Equine Pract. 2015 31, 91-104.
  5. Ditchfield J, Macpherson LW, Zbitnew A. Upper respiratory disease in Thoroughbred horses: studies of its viral etiology in the Toronto area, 1960 to 1963. Can. J. Comp. Med. Vet. Sci. 1965 29, 18-22.
  6. Powell DG, Burrows R, Goodridge D. Respiratory viral infections among Thoroughbred horses in training during 1972. Equine Vet. J. 1974 6, 19-24.
  7. Newton JR, Wood JLN, Chanter N. A case control study of factors and infections associated with clinically apparent respiratory disease in UK Thoroughbred racehorses. Prev. Vet. Med. 2003 60, 107-132.
  8. Wood JLN, Newton JR, Chanter N, Mumford J. Association between respiratory disease and bacterial and viral infections in British Racehorses Association. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2005 43, 120-126.
  9. Black WD, Wilcox RS, Stevenson RA, Hartley CA, Ficorilli NP, Gilkerson JR, Studdert MJ. Prevalence of serum neutralising antibody to equine rhinitis A virus (ERAV), equine rhinitis B virus 1 (ERBV1) and ERBV2. Vet. Microbiol. 2007 119, 65-71.
  10. Diaz-Mendez A, Viel L, Hewson J, Doig P, Carman S, Chambers T, Tiwari A, Dewey C. Surveillance of equine respiratory viruses in Ontario. Can. J. Vet. Res. 2010 74, 271-278.
  11. Carman S, Rosendal S, Huber L, Gyles C, McKee S, Willoughby RA, Dubovi E, Thorsen J, Lein D. Infectious agents in acute respiratory disease in horses in Ontario. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 1997 9, 17-23.
  12. Klaey M, Sanchez-Higgins M, Leadon D, Cullinane A, Straub R, Gerber H. Field case study of equine rhinovirus 1 infection: clinical signs and clinicopathology. Equine Vet. J. 1998 30, 267-269.
  13. Wald R. Upper respiratory tract infections in young children: duration of and frequency of complications. Pediatrics 1991 87, 129-133.
  14. Christley RM, Pinchbeck GL, Bowers RG, Clancy D, French NP, Bennett R, Turner J. Infection in social networks: using network analysis to identify high-risk individuals. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2005 162, 1024-1031.
  15. Stein RA. Super-spreaders in infectious diseases. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 2011 15, e510-e513.
  16. Milwid RM, O’Sullivan TL, Poljak Z, Laskowski M, Greer AL. Comparison of the dynamic networks of four equine boarding and training facilities. Prev. Vet. Med. 2019 162, 84-94.
  17. Milwid RM, Sullivan TLO, Poljak Z, Laskowski M, Greer AL. Validation of modified radio-frequency identification tag firmware, using an equine population case study. PLoS One 2019 14, e0210148.
  18. Horsington J, Lynch SE, Gilkerson JR, Studdert MJ, Hartley CA. Equine picornaviruses: well known but poorly understood. Vet. Microbiol. 2013 167, 78-85.
  19. Li F, Drummer HE, Ficorilli N, Studdert MJ, Crabb BS. Identification of noncytopathic equine rhinovirus 1 as a cause of acute febrile respiratory disease in horses. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1997 35, 937-943.
  20. Plummer G. An equine respiratory virus with enterovirus properties. Nature 1962 196, 952-953.
  21. Lynch SE, Gilkerson JR, Symes SJ, Huang J, Hartley CA. Persistence and chronic urinary shedding of the aphthovirus equine rhinitis A virus. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2013 36, 95-103.
  22. Rossi TM, Moore A, O’Sullivan TL, Greer AL. Equine rhinitis A virus infection at a Standardbred training facility: Incidence, clinical signs, and risk factors for clinical disease. Front. Vet. Sci. 2019 6, 71.
  23. Spence KL, O’Sullivan TL, Poljak Z, Greer AL. Descriptive and network analyses of the equine contact network at an equestrian show in Ontario, Canada and implications for disease spread. BMC Vet. Res. 2017 13, 191.
  24. Dubé C, Ribble C, Kelton D, McNab B. A review of network analysis terminology and its application to foot-and-mouth disease modelling and policy development. Transbound. Emerg. Dis. 2009 56, 73-85.
  25. Diaz-Méndez A, Hewson J, Shewen P, Nagy É, Viel L. Characteristics of respiratory tract disease in horses inoculated with equine rhinitis A virus. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2014 75, 169-178.
  26. Laurent C, Rodriguez-Villalobos H, Rost F, Strale H, Vincent JL, Deplano A, Struelens J, Byl B. Intensive care unit outbreak of extended-spectrum b-lactamase- producing Klebsiella pneumoniae controlled by cohorting patients and reinforcing infection control measures. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2008 29, 517-524.
  27. Rosenberger LH, Hranjec T, Politano AD, Swenson BR, Metzger R, Bonatti H, Sawyer RG. Effective cohorting and “superisolation” in a single intensive care unit in response to an outbreak of diverse multi-drug-resistant organisms. Surg. Infect. (Larchmt) 2011 12, 345-350.

Citations

This article has been cited 3 times.
  1. Peng T, Yang F, Yang F, Cao W, Zheng H, Zhu Z. Structural diversity and biological role of the 5' untranslated regions of picornavirus. RNA Biol 2023 Jan;20(1):548-562.
    doi: 10.1080/15476286.2023.2240992pubmed: 37534989google scholar: lookup
  2. Pusterla N, James K, Barnum S, Bain F, Barnett DC, Chappell D, Gaughan E, Craig B, Schneider C, Vaala W. Frequency of Detection and Prevalence Factors Associated with Common Respiratory Pathogens in Equids with Acute Onset of Fever and/or Respiratory Signs (2008-2021). Pathogens 2022 Jul 2;11(7).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens11070759pubmed: 35890002google scholar: lookup
  3. Savard C, Wang L. Identification and Genomic Characterization of Bovine Boosepivirus A in the United States and Canada. Viruses 2024 Feb 17;16(2).
    doi: 10.3390/v16020307pubmed: 38400082google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,344 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.