FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Front Microbiol / Serological Evidence of Orthopoxvirus Circulation Among Equi...
Frontiers in microbiology2018; 9; 402; doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00402

Serological Evidence of Orthopoxvirus Circulation Among Equids, Southeast Brazil.

Abstract: Since 1999 (VACV) outbreaks involving bovines and humans have been reported in Brazil; this zoonosis is known as Bovine Vaccinia (BV) and is mainly an occupational disease of milkers. It was only in 2008 (and then again in 2011 and 2014) however, that VACV was found causing natural infections in Brazilian equids. These reports involved only equids, no infected humans or bovines were identified, and the sources of infections remain unknown up to date. The peculiarities of Equine Vaccinia outbreaks (e.g., absence of human infection), the frequently shared environments, and fomites by equids and bovines in Brazilian farms and the remaining gaps in BV epidemiology incited a question over OPV serological status of equids in Brazil. For this report, sera from 621 equids - representing different species, ages, sexes and locations of origin within Minas Gerais State, southeast Brazil - were examined for the presence of anti- (OPV) antibodies. Only 74 of these were sampled during an Equine Vaccinia outbreak, meaning some of these specific animals presented typical lesions of OPV infections. The majority of sera, however, were sampled from animals without typical signs of OPV infection and during the absence of reported Bovine or Equine Vaccinia outbreaks. Results suggest the circulation of VACV among equids of southeast Brazil even prior to the time of the first VACV outbreak in 2008. There is a correlation of OPVs outbreaks among bovines and equids although many gaps remain to our understanding of its nature. The data obtained may even be carefully associated to recent discussion over OPVs history. Moreover, data is available to improve the knowledge and instigate new researches regarding OPVs circulation in Brazil and worldwide.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2018-03-08 PubMed ID: 29568288PubMed Central: PMC5852868DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00402Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This study examines the prevalence of Orthopoxvirus (OPV) antibodies in the equid population of southeast Brazil, suggesting that the virus has been circulating among equids even before the first reported outbreak in 2008. It concludes that there is a correlation between OPV outbreaks in bovines and equids, although the nature of this relation remains unclear.

Study Background

  • Since 1999, Vaccinia virus (VACV) outbreaks involving bovines (cows) and humans had been reported in Brazil. These outbreaks, known as Bovine Vaccinia (BV), were largely an occupational disease affecting individuals who milk cows.
  • However, in 2008, 2011, and 2014, VACV was found to cause natural infections in equids (horses, donkeys, and mules) in Brazil. Unlike BV, these cases did not involve any infected humans or cows and the sources of the infections remain unknown.

Research Aim and Methodology

  • The researchers wanted to understand more about the prevalence of OPV among equids in Brazil. They collected serum samples from 621 equids of different species, ages, sexes, and locations within the Minas Gerais state in southeast Brazil. These samples were tested for the presence of antibodies against OPV to determine past or recent exposure to the virus.
  • Only 74 of these samples were taken during an outbreak of equine vaccinia; the rest were taken from animals without visible signs of infection during periods lacking reported outbreaks.

Findings

  • The study found that the presence of antibodies suggested the circulation of VACV in equids of southeast Brazil prior to the first reported outbreak in 2008.
  • It also found a correlation between the instances of BV and equine vaccinia, although the nature of this correlation is not fully understood.

Implications

  • This research contributes to the understanding of OPV circulation in Brazil and elsewhere, indicating that the virus might be more prevalent than previously thought.
  • It indicates a need for more research to fully understand the disease’s spread patterns and the nature of the correlation between BV and equine vaccinia.

Cite This Article

APA
Borges IA, Reynolds MG, McCollum AM, Figueiredo PO, Ambrosio LLD, Vieira FN, Costa GB, Matos ACD, de Andrade Almeida VM, Ferreira PCP, Lobato ZIP, Dos Reis JKP, Kroon EG, Trindade GS. (2018). Serological Evidence of Orthopoxvirus Circulation Among Equids, Southeast Brazil. Front Microbiol, 9, 402. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.00402

Publication

Frontiers in microbiology
ISSN: 1664-302X
NlmUniqueID: 101548977
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 9
Pages: 402
PII: 402

Researcher Affiliations

Borges, Iara A
  • Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
Reynolds, Mary G
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, United States.
McCollum, Andrea M
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, United States.
Figueiredo, Poliana O
  • Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
Ambrosio, Lara L D
  • Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
Vieira, Flavia N
  • Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
Costa, Galileu B
  • Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
Matos, Ana C D
  • Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
de Andrade Almeida, Valeria M
  • Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
Ferreira, Paulo C P
  • Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
Lobato, Zélia I P
  • Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
Dos Reis, Jenner K P
  • Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
Kroon, Erna G
  • Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
Trindade, Giliane S
  • Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.

References

This article includes 25 references
  1. Abrahão JS, Drumond BP, Trindade Gde S, da Silva-Fernandes AT, Ferreira JM, Alves PA, Campos RK, Siqueira L, Bonjardim CA, Ferreira PC, Kroon EG. Rapid detection of Orthopoxvirus by semi-nested PCR directly from clinical specimens: a useful alternative for routine laboratories.. J Med Virol 2010 Apr;82(4):692-9.
    doi: 10.1002/jmv.21617pubmed: 20166167google scholar: lookup
  2. Abrahão JS, Guedes MI, Trindade GS, Fonseca FG, Campos RK, Mota BF, Lobato ZI, Silva-Fernandes AT, Rodrigues GO, Lima LS, Ferreira PC, Bonjardim CA, Kroon EG. One more piece in the VACV ecological puzzle: could peridomestic rodents be the link between wildlife and bovine vaccinia outbreaks in Brazil?. PLoS One 2009 Oct 19;4(10):e7428.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007428pmc: PMC2758550pubmed: 19838293google scholar: lookup
  3. Abrahão JS, Silva-Fernandes AT, Lima LS, Campos RK, Guedes MI, Cota MM, Assis FL, Borges IA, Souza-Júnior MF, Lobato ZI, Bonjardim CA, Ferreira PC, Trindade GS, Kroon EG. Vaccinia virus infection in monkeys, Brazilian Amazon.. Emerg Infect Dis 2010 Jun;16(6):976-9.
    doi: 10.3201/eid1606.091187pmc: PMC3086250pubmed: 20507750google scholar: lookup
  4. Abrahão JS, de Souza Trindade G, Pereira-Oliveira G, de Oliveira Figueiredo P, Costa G, Moreira Franco-Luiz AP, Lopes Assis F, Bretas de Oliveira D, Mattos Paim LR, de Araújo Oliveira CE, Lemos Maia Neto A, Geessien Kroon E. Detection of Vaccinia virus during an outbreak of exanthemous oral lesions in Brazilian equids.. Equine Vet J 2017 Mar;49(2):221-224.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12571pubmed: 26875684google scholar: lookup
  5. Barbosa C. H. G., Sant’ana F. J. F., Cargnelutti J. F., Flores E. F., Teixeira-Neto A. R., De Santana R. B.. Experimental infection of horses with Vaccinia virus. Ciên. Rural 46 519–525.
    doi: 10.1590/0103-8478cr20150289google scholar: lookup
  6. Baxby D. Edward Jenner's Inquiry; a bicentenary analysis.. Vaccine 1999 Jan 28;17(4):301-7.
    doi: 10.1016/S0264-410X(98)00207-2pubmed: 9987167google scholar: lookup
  7. Brum MC, Anjos BL, Nogueira CE, Amaral LA, Weiblen R, Flores EF. An outbreak of orthopoxvirus-associated disease in horses in southern Brazil.. J Vet Diagn Invest 2010 Jan;22(1):143-7.
    doi: 10.1177/104063871002200132pubmed: 20093706google scholar: lookup
  8. Campos RK, Brum MC, Nogueira CE, Drumond BP, Alves PA, Siqueira-Lima L, Assis FL, Trindade GS, Bonjardim CA, Ferreira PC, Weiblen R, Flores EF, Kroon EG, Abrahão JS. Assessing the variability of Brazilian Vaccinia virus isolates from a horse exanthematic lesion: coinfection with distinct viruses.. Arch Virol 2011 Feb;156(2):275-83.
    doi: 10.1007/s00705-010-0857-zpubmed: 21080203google scholar: lookup
  9. Damaso CR. Revisiting Jenner's mysteries, the role of the Beaugency lymph in the evolutionary path of ancient smallpox vaccines.. Lancet Infect Dis 2018 Feb;18(2):e55-e63.
    doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30445-0pubmed: 28827144google scholar: lookup
  10. Damaso CR, Esposito JJ, Condit RC, Moussatché N. An emergent poxvirus from humans and cattle in Rio de Janeiro State: Cantagalo virus may derive from Brazilian smallpox vaccine.. Virology 2000 Nov 25;277(2):439-49.
    doi: 10.1006/viro.2000.0603pubmed: 11080491google scholar: lookup
  11. D'Anunciação L, Guedes MI, Oliveira TL, Rehfeld I, Bonjardim CA, Ferreira PP, Trindade Gde S, Lobato ZP, Kroon EG, Abrahão JS. Filling one more gap: experimental evidence of horizontal transmission of Vaccinia virus between bovines and rodents.. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2012 Jan;12(1):61-4.
    doi: 10.1089/vbz.2011.0671pubmed: 21923268google scholar: lookup
  12. de Souza Trindade G, Drumond BP, Guedes MI, Leite JA, Mota BE, Campos MA, da Fonseca FG, Nogueira ML, Lobato ZI, Bonjardim CA, Ferreira PC, Kroon EG. Zoonotic vaccinia virus infection in Brazil: clinical description and implications for health professionals.. J Clin Microbiol 2007 Apr;45(4):1370-2.
    doi: 10.1128/JCM.00920-06pmc: PMC1865848pubmed: 17287326google scholar: lookup
  13. Emerson GL, Li Y, Frace MA, Olsen-Rasmussen MA, Khristova ML, Govil D, Sammons SA, Regnery RL, Karem KL, Damon IK, Carroll DS. The phylogenetics and ecology of the orthopoxviruses endemic to North America.. PLoS One 2009 Oct 29;4(10):e7666.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007666pmc: PMC2764843pubmed: 19865479google scholar: lookup
  14. Esparza J, Schrick L, Damaso CR, Nitsche A. Equination (inoculation of horsepox): An early alternative to vaccination (inoculation of cowpox) and the potential role of horsepox virus in the origin of the smallpox vaccine.. Vaccine 2017 Dec 19;35(52):7222-7230.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.11.003pubmed: 29137821google scholar: lookup
  15. Essbauer S, Pfeffer M, Meyer H. Zoonotic poxviruses.. Vet Microbiol 2010 Jan 27;140(3-4):229-36.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.08.026pmc: PMC9628791pubmed: 19828265google scholar: lookup
  16. Fenner F., Henderson D.. Smallpox and its Eradication. Geneva: World Health Organization.
  17. Gallardo-Romero NF, Drew CP, Weiss SL, Metcalfe MG, Nakazawa YJ, Smith SK, Emerson GL, Hutson CL, Salzer JS, Bartlett JH, Olson VA, Clemmons CJ, Davidson WB, Zaki SR, Karem KL, Damon IK, Carroll DS. The pox in the North American backyard: Volepox virus pathogenesis in California mice (Peromyscus californicus).. PLoS One 2012;7(8):e43881.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043881pmc: PMC3429407pubmed: 22952799google scholar: lookup
  18. Kroon EG, Mota BE, Abrahão JS, da Fonseca FG, de Souza Trindade G. Zoonotic Brazilian Vaccinia virus: from field to therapy.. Antiviral Res 2011 Nov;92(2):150-63.
    doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.08.018pubmed: 21896287google scholar: lookup
  19. Lobato Z. I. P., Trindade G. S., Frois M. C. M., Ribero G. R. C., Dias B. M., Teixeira F. A.. Outbreak of exanthemal disease caused by Vaccinia virus in human and cattle in zona da mata region, minas Gerais. Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec. 57 423–429.
    doi: 10.1590/S0102-09352005000400001google scholar: lookup
  20. Matos A. C. D., Guedes M. I. M. C., Rehfeld I. S., Rodrigues N. F. S., Costa A. G., Madureira M. C.. Outbreak of Vaccinia virus infection in horses in minas Gerais state, Brazil. Proceedings of the XXIV Congresso Brasileiro de Virologia e Viii Encontro de Virologia do Mercosul 2013 Vol. 18 240–241.
  21. Newman FK, Frey SE, Blevins TP, Mandava M, Bonifacio A Jr, Yan L, Belshe RB. Improved assay to detect neutralizing antibody following vaccination with diluted or undiluted vaccinia (Dryvax) vaccine.. J Clin Microbiol 2003 Jul;41(7):3154-7.
    doi: 10.1128/JCM.41.7.3154-3157.2003pmc: PMC165337pubmed: 12843056google scholar: lookup
  22. Rivetti AV Jr, Guedes MI, Rehfeld IS, Oliveira TM, Matos AC, Abrahão JS, Kroon EG, Lobato ZI. Bovine vaccinia, a systemic infection: evidence of fecal shedding, viremia and detection in lymphoid organs.. Vet Microbiol 2013 Feb 22;162(1):103-11.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.09.005pubmed: 23021861google scholar: lookup
  23. Schrick L, Tausch SH, Dabrowski PW, Damaso CR, Esparza J, Nitsche A. An Early American Smallpox Vaccine Based on Horsepox.. N Engl J Med 2017 Oct 12;377(15):1491-1492.
    doi: 10.1056/NEJMc1707600pubmed: 29020595google scholar: lookup
  24. de Souza Trindade G, da Fonseca FG, Marques JT, Nogueira ML, Mendes LC, Borges AS, Peiró JR, Pituco EM, Bonjardim CA, Ferreira PC, Kroon EG. Araçatuba virus: a vaccinialike virus associated with infection in humans and cattle.. Emerg Infect Dis 2003 Feb;9(2):155-60.
    doi: 10.3201/eid0902.020244pmc: PMC2901946pubmed: 12603984google scholar: lookup
  25. Trindade GS, Lobato ZI, Drumond BP, Leite JA, Trigueiro RC, Guedes MI, da Fonseca FG, dos Santos JR, Bonjardim CA, Ferreira PC, Kroon EG. Short report: Isolation of two vaccinia virus strains from a single bovine vaccinia outbreak in rural area from Brazil: Implications on the emergence of zoonotic orthopoxviruses.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2006 Sep;75(3):486-90.
    pubmed: 16968926

Citations

This article has been cited 7 times.
  1. Domingos IJS, Rocha KLS, Graciano JM, Almeida LR, Doty JB, Paglia AP, Oliveira DB, Nakazawa YJ, Trindade GS. Orthopoxvirus Circulation in an Endemic Area in Brazil: Investigation of Infections in Small Mammals during an Absence of Outbreaks. Viruses 2023 Mar 25;15(4).
    doi: 10.3390/v15040842pubmed: 37112823google scholar: lookup
  2. Gieryńska M, Szulc-Dąbrowska L, Struzik J, Gregorczyk-Zboroch KP, Mielcarska MB, Toka FN, Schollenberger A, Biernacka Z. Orthopoxvirus Zoonoses-Do We Still Remember and Are Ready to Fight?. Pathogens 2023 Feb 21;12(3).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens12030363pubmed: 36986285google scholar: lookup
  3. Capobianchi MR, Di Caro A, Piubelli C, Mori A, Bisoffi Z, Castilletti C. Monkeypox 2022 outbreak in non-endemic countries: Open questions relevant for public health, nonpharmacological intervention and literature review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022;12:1005955.
    doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1005955pubmed: 36204640google scholar: lookup
  4. Barbosa Costa G, Silva de Oliveira J, Townsend MB, Carson WC, Borges IA, McCollum AM, Kroon EG, Satheshkumar PS, Reynolds MG, Nakazawa YJ, de Souza Trindade G. Educational Approach to Prevent the Burden of Vaccinia Virus Infections in a Bovine Vaccinia Endemic Area in Brazil. Pathogens 2021 Apr 23;10(5).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens10050511pubmed: 33922509google scholar: lookup
  5. José da Silva Domingos I, Silva de Oliveira J, Lorene Soares Rocha K, Bretas de Oliveira D, Geessien Kroon E, Barbosa Costa G, de Souza Trindade G. Twenty Years after Bovine Vaccinia in Brazil: Where We Are and Where Are We Going?. Pathogens 2021 Mar 31;10(4).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens10040406pubmed: 33807254google scholar: lookup
  6. Ehmann R, Brandes K, Antwerpen M, Walter M, V Schlippenbach K, Stegmaier E, Essbauer S, Bugert J, Teifke JP, Meyer H. Molecular and genomic characterization of a novel equine molluscum contagiosum-like virus. J Gen Virol 2021 Mar;102(3).
    doi: 10.1099/jgv.0.001357pubmed: 31922947google scholar: lookup
  7. Barbosa Costa G, Marinho PES, Vilela APP, Saraiva-Silva AT, Crispim APC, Borges IA, Dutra AGS, Lobato ZIP, Dos Reis JKP, de Oliveira DB, Drumond BP, Kroon EG, Trindade GS. Silent Circulation of the Saint Louis Encephalitis Virus among Humans and Equids, Southeast Brazil. Viruses 2019 Nov 5;11(11).
    doi: 10.3390/v11111029pubmed: 31694207google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,005 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.