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Applied and environmental microbiology2018; 84(13); doi: 10.1128/AEM.02829-17

Serotype Diversity and Antimicrobial Resistance among Salmonella enterica Isolates from Patients at an Equine Referral Hospital.

Abstract: Although Salmonella enterica can produce life-threatening colitis in horses, certain serotypes are more commonly associated with clinical disease. Our aim was to evaluate the proportional morbidity attributed to different serotypes, as well as the phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of Salmonella isolates from patients at an equine referral hospital in the southern United States. A total of 255 Salmonella isolates was obtained from clinical samples of patients admitted to the hospital between 2007 and 2015. Phenotypic resistance to 14 antibiotics surveilled by the U.S. National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System was determined using a commercially available panel. Whole-genome sequencing was used to identify serotypes and genotypic AMR. The most common serotypes were Salmonella enterica serotype Newport (18%), Salmonella enterica serotype Anatum (15.2%), and Salmonella enterica serotype Braenderup (11.8%). Most (n = 219) of the isolates were pansusceptible, while 25 were multidrug resistant (≥3 antimicrobial classes). Genes encoding beta-lactam resistance, such as blaCMY-2, blaSHV-12, blaCTX-M-27, and blaTEM-1B, were detected. The qnrB2 and aac(6')-Ib-cr genes were present in isolates with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. Genes encoding resistance to gentamicin (aph(3')-Ia, aac(6')-IIc), streptomycin (strA and strB), sulfonamides (sul1), trimethoprim (dfrA), phenicols (catA), tetracyclines [tet(A) and tet(E)], and macrolides [ere(A)] were also identified. The main predicted incompatibility plasmid type was I1 (10%). Core genome-based analyses revealed phylogenetic associations between isolates of common serotypes. The presence of AMR Salmonella in equine patients increases the risk of unsuccessful treatment and causes concern for potential zoonotic transmission to attending veterinary personnel, animal caretakers, and horse owners. Understanding the epidemiology of Salmonella in horses admitted to referral hospitals is important for the prevention, control, and treatment of salmonellosis.IMPORTANCE In horses, salmonellosis is a leading cause of life-threatening colitis. At veterinary teaching hospitals, nosocomial outbreaks can increase the risk of zoonotic transmission, lead to restrictions on admissions, impact hospital reputation, and interrupt educational activities. The antimicrobials most often used in horses are included in the 5th revision of the World Health Organization's list of critically important antimicrobials for human medicine. Recent studies have demonstrated a trend of increasing bacterial resistance to drugs commonly used to treat Salmonella infections. In this study, we identify temporal trends in the distribution of Salmonella serotypes and their mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance; furthermore, we are able to determine the likely origin of several temporal clusters of infection by using whole-genome sequencing. These data can be used to focus strategies to better contain the dissemination and enhance the mitigation of Salmonella infections and to provide evidence-based policies and guidelines to steward antimicrobial use in veterinary medicine.
Copyright © 2018 American Society for Microbiology.
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Publication Date: 2018-06-18 PubMed ID: 29678910PubMed Central: PMC6007101DOI: 10.1128/AEM.02829-17Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research study investigated how different strains of Salmonella enterica affect horses and their resistance to antibiotics. The study looked at bacteria samples from horses treated at a specialist hospital in the southern United States over an eight-year period. The researchers found differences in how common particular serotypes (strains) were, and also in their resistance to different antibiotics. They also looked at the genetic make-up of the bacteria, which could indicate their resistance to drugs.

Research Methodology

  • The study was conducted over an 8-year timeline(from 2007 to 2015), collecting around 255 Salmonella enterica samples from horses in a specialized equine hospital in southern U.S.
  • The team assessed how resistant the bacteria were to a range of 14 antibiotics currently monitored by the U.S National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System, using a commercially available panel.
  • They then analyzed the samples through whole-genome sequencing to identify the various serotypes included and their genetic resistance factors.

Key Findings

  • Serotypes Newport, Anatum, and Braenderup were identified as the most common among the collected samples.
  • The great majority of the samples (219) were classified as pansusceptible, meaning they were susceptible to many antibiotics, while a small number (25) were resistant to multiple drugs (≥3 antimicrobial classes).
  • Several different genes that contribute to antibiotic resistance were detected, including those contributing resistance to common antibiotics like beta-lactam, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, streptomycin, sulfonamides, trimethoprim, phenicols, tetracyclines, and macrolides.
  • Genome analyses also indicated a phylogenetic link between isolates of common serotypes, suggesting a shared evolutionary history.

Implications of the Study

  • The study highlights concern about antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in equine patients that can lead to ineffective treatment and increase the risk of human infection (zoonotic transmission) for those who are in contact with these horses – veterinarians, animal caretakers, and horse owners.
  • Understanding the prevalence and distribution of various Salmonella enterica serotypes, as well as their resistance to antibiotics, is crucial in preventing, controlling, and treating salmonellosis in horses.
  • The findings are also important for defining strategies to limit infection spread and improve mitigation; they can also help in formulating evidence-based policies and guidelines for the effective use of antibiotics in veterinary medicine.

Cite This Article

APA
Leon IM, Lawhon SD, Norman KN, Threadgill DS, Ohta N, Vinasco J, Scott HM. (2018). Serotype Diversity and Antimicrobial Resistance among Salmonella enterica Isolates from Patients at an Equine Referral Hospital. Appl Environ Microbiol, 84(13). https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02829-17

Publication

Applied and environmental microbiology
ISSN: 1098-5336
NlmUniqueID: 7605801
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 84
Issue: 13

Researcher Affiliations

Leon, I M
  • Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA.
Lawhon, S D
  • Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA.
Norman, K N
  • Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA.
Threadgill, D S
  • Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA.
Ohta, N
  • Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA.
Vinasco, J
  • Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA.
Scott, H M
  • Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA hmscott@cvm.tamu.edu.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Anti-Bacterial Agents / pharmacology
  • Bacterial Proteins / genetics
  • Bacterial Proteins / metabolism
  • Ciprofloxacin / pharmacology
  • DNA, Bacterial / genetics
  • DNA, Bacterial / isolation & purification
  • Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial / genetics
  • Genes, Bacterial
  • Horses / microbiology
  • Hospitals, Teaching
  • Microbial Sensitivity Tests
  • Phylogeny
  • Referral and Consultation
  • Salmonella Infections, Animal / diagnosis
  • Salmonella Infections, Animal / drug therapy
  • Salmonella enterica / drug effects
  • Salmonella enterica / genetics
  • Serotyping
  • United States
  • Whole Genome Sequencing

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