FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Cell Prolif / Size-sieved subpopulations of mesenchymal stem cells from in...
Cell proliferation2011; 44(4); 330-342; doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2011.00759.x

Size-sieved subpopulations of mesenchymal stem cells from intervascular and perivascular equine umbilical cord matrix.

Abstract: Umbilical cord matrix (UCM) has been recently proposed as an alternative source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize presumptive stem cells from intervascular and perivascular equine UCM and to obtain homogeneous subpopulations from both sites. Methods: Umbilical cords were processed for retrieval of MSCs. Unsieved cells from intervascular and perivascular portions were evaluated for cell cycle analysis and for immunophenotyping by flow cytometry. Cells from each site were separated into larger and smaller sieved populations using multi-dishes with 8-μm pore transwell inserts. Each cell population was characterized in terms of renewal capability, specific marker expression and differentiation potential. Cryopreservation was performed on sieved cells only. Results: Cells from both areas expressed MSC and pluripotential specific markers and were able to differentiate into mesodermic and ectodermic lineages. The sieving procedure yielded two relatively homogeneous subpopulations with comparable characteristics. Surprisingly, after sieving, large intervascular and small perivascular cells were the most rapidly replicating cells [20.53 and 19.49 cell population doublings (PD) after 31 days respectively] and also showed higher fibroblast colony forming unit frequency. Unsieved cell populations were used as controls, and showed PD of 9.42(intervascular cells) and 8.54 (perivascular cells) after 31 days. Conclusions: Here, cells from UCM represented an intermediate stage between pluripotent embryonic and adult stem cells. Size-sieving can be used to isolate more rapidly proliferating cell populations.
© 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2011-06-06 PubMed ID: 21645152PubMed Central: PMC6496711DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2011.00759.xGoogle Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research focuses on isolating and characterizing stem cells from intervascular and perivascular regions of the equine umbilical cord matrix (UCM). It compares the features of size-sieved populations from both locations, establishing that size-sieving can identify sub-populations that proliferate more rapidly.

Methods

  • Umbilical cords were processed to extract mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs).
  • Unsieved cells from intervascular and perivascular regions were subjected to cell cycle analysis and immunophenotyping using flow cytometry.
  • Cells were sorted into larger and smaller populations using multi-dishes with 8-μm pore transwell inserts.
  • All sub-populations were studied for renewal ability, specific marker expression and differentiation potential. Cryopreservation was exclusively conducted on sieved cells.

Results

  • Cells from both regions expressed markers of MSC and pluripotential cells, and could differentiate into mesodermic and ectodermic lineages.
  • The sieving method produced two relatively consistent sub-populations with analogous characteristics.
  • After sieving, large intervascular and small perivascular cells demonstrated the fastest replication — 20.53 and 19.49 cell population doublings (PD) respectively, after 31 days.
  • These cells also displayed higher fibroblast colony forming unit frequency.
  • Control unsieved cell populations showed PD of 9.42 (intervascular cells) and 8.54 (perivascular cells) after similar time span.

Conclusions

  • The cells derived from UCM represented an intermediate stage between pluripotent embryonic and adult stem cells.
  • Size sieving method can be employed to isolate populations that demonstrate higher proliferative capabilities.

Cite This Article

APA
Corradetti B, Lange-Consiglio A, Barucca M, Cremonesi F, Bizzaro D. (2011). Size-sieved subpopulations of mesenchymal stem cells from intervascular and perivascular equine umbilical cord matrix. Cell Prolif, 44(4), 330-342. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2184.2011.00759.x

Publication

Cell proliferation
ISSN: 1365-2184
NlmUniqueID: 9105195
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 44
Issue: 4
Pages: 330-342

Researcher Affiliations

Corradetti, B
  • Università Politecnica delle Marche, Department of Biochemistry, Biology and Genetics, Ancona, Italy.
Lange-Consiglio, A
    Barucca, M
      Cremonesi, F
        Bizzaro, D

          MeSH Terms

          • Animals
          • Cell Proliferation
          • Cell Separation / methods
          • Cell Size
          • Female
          • Flow Cytometry
          • Horses
          • Mesenchymal Stem Cells / cytology
          • Umbilical Cord / cytology

          References

          This article includes 43 references
          1. Bruder SP, Fink DJ, Caplan AI. Mesenchymal stem cells in bone development, bone repair, and skeletal regeneration therapy.. J Cell Biochem 1994 Nov;56(3):283-94.
            pmc: PMC7166813pubmed: 7876320doi: 10.1002/jcb.240560303google scholar: lookup
          2. Pittenger MF, Mackay AM, Beck SC, Jaiswal RK, Douglas R, Mosca JD, Moorman MA, Simonetti DW, Craig S, Marshak DR. Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells.. Science 1999 Apr 2;284(5411):143-7.
            pubmed: 10102814doi: 10.1126/science.284.5411.143google scholar: lookup
          3. Dominici M, Le Blanc K, Mueller I, Slaper-Cortenbach I, Marini F, Krause D, Deans R, Keating A, Prockop Dj, Horwitz E. Minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. The International Society for Cellular Therapy position statement.. Cytotherapy 2006;8(4):315-7.
            pubmed: 16923606doi: 10.1080/14653240600855905google scholar: lookup
          4. D'Ippolito G, Schiller PC, Ricordi C, Roos BA, Howard GA. Age-related osteogenic potential of mesenchymal stromal stem cells from human vertebral bone marrow.. J Bone Miner Res 1999 Jul;14(7):1115-22.
            pubmed: 10404011doi: 10.1359/jbmr.1999.14.7.1115google scholar: lookup
          5. Alviano F, Fossati V, Marchionni C, Arpinati M, Bonsi L, Franchina M, Lanzoni G, Cantoni S, Cavallini C, Bianchi F, Tazzari PL, Pasquinelli G, Foroni L, Ventura C, Grossi A, Bagnara GP. Term Amniotic membrane is a high throughput source for multipotent Mesenchymal Stem Cells with the ability to differentiate into endothelial cells in vitro.. BMC Dev Biol 2007 Feb 21;7:11.
            pmc: PMC1810523pubmed: 17313666doi: 10.1186/1471-213x-7-11google scholar: lookup
          6. Tsai MS, Lee JL, Chang YJ, Hwang SM. Isolation of human multipotent mesenchymal stem cells from second-trimester amniotic fluid using a novel two-stage culture protocol.. Hum Reprod 2004 Jun;19(6):1450-6.
            pubmed: 15105397doi: 10.1093/humrep/deh279google scholar: lookup
          7. Lee MW, Choi J, Yang MS, Moon YJ, Park JS, Kim HC, Kim YJ. Mesenchymal stem cells from cryopreserved human umbilical cord blood.. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004 Jul 16;320(1):273-8.
            pubmed: 15207732doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.04.206google scholar: lookup
          8. Sarugaser R, Lickorish D, Baksh D, Hosseini MM, Davies JE. Human umbilical cord perivascular (HUCPV) cells: a source of mesenchymal progenitors.. Stem Cells 2005 Feb;23(2):220-9.
            pubmed: 15671145doi: 10.1634/stemcells.2004-0166google scholar: lookup
          9. Wang HS, Hung SC, Peng ST, Huang CC, Wei HM, Guo YJ, Fu YS, Lai MC, Chen CC. Mesenchymal stem cells in the Wharton's jelly of the human umbilical cord.. Stem Cells 2004;22(7):1330-7.
            pubmed: 15579650doi: 10.1634/stemcells.2004-0013google scholar: lookup
          10. Guillot PV, Gotherstrom C, Chan J, Kurata H, Fisk NM. Human first-trimester fetal MSC express pluripotency markers and grow faster and have longer telomeres than adult MSC.. Stem Cells 2007 Mar;25(3):646-54.
            pubmed: 17124009doi: 10.1634/stemcells.2006-0208google scholar: lookup
          11. Koch TG, Heerkens T, Thomsen PD, Betts DH. Isolation of mesenchymal stem cells from equine umbilical cord blood.. BMC Biotechnol 2007 May 30;7:26.
            pmc: PMC1904213pubmed: 17537254doi: 10.1186/1472-6750-7-26google scholar: lookup
          12. Reed SA, Johnson SE. Equine umbilical cord blood contains a population of stem cells that express Oct4 and differentiate into mesodermal and endodermal cell types.. J Cell Physiol 2008 May;215(2):329-36.
            pubmed: 17929245doi: 10.1002/jcp.21312google scholar: lookup
          13. Hoynowski SM, Fry MM, Gardner BM, Leming MT, Tucker JR, Black L, Sand T, Mitchell KE. Characterization and differentiation of equine umbilical cord-derived matrix cells.. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007 Oct 19;362(2):347-53.
            pubmed: 17719011doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.07.182google scholar: lookup
          14. Passeri S, Nocchi F, Lamanna R, Lapi S, Miragliotta V, Giannessi E, Abramo F, Stornelli MR, Matarazzo M, Plenteda D, Urciuoli P, Scatena F, Coli A. Isolation and expansion of equine umbilical cord-derived matrix cells (EUCMCs).. Cell Biol Int 2009 Jan;33(1):100-5.
            pubmed: 18996215doi: 10.1016/j.cellbi.2008.10.012google scholar: lookup
          15. Friedenstein AJ, Gorskaja JF, Kulagina NN. Fibroblast precursors in normal and irradiated mouse hematopoietic organs.. Exp Hematol 1976 Sep;4(5):267-74.
            pubmed: 976387
          16. Majore I, Moretti P, Hass R, Kasper C. Identification of subpopulations in mesenchymal stem cell-like cultures from human umbilical cord.. Cell Commun Signal 2009 Mar 20;7:6.
            pmc: PMC2676292pubmed: 19302702doi: 10.1186/1478-811x-7-6google scholar: lookup
          17. Hung SC, Chen NJ, Hsieh SL, Li H, Ma HL, Lo WH. Isolation and characterization of size-sieved stem cells from human bone marrow.. Stem Cells 2002;20(3):249-58.
            pubmed: 12004083doi: 10.1634/stemcells.20-3-249google scholar: lookup
          18. Smith JR, Pochampally R, Perry A, Hsu SC, Prockop DJ. Isolation of a highly clonogenic and multipotential subfraction of adult stem cells from bone marrow stroma.. Stem Cells 2004;22(5):823-31.
            pubmed: 15342946doi: 10.1634/stemcells.22-5-823google scholar: lookup
          19. D'Ippolito G, Howard GA, Roos BA, Schiller PC. Sustained stromal stem cell self-renewal and osteoblastic differentiation during aging.. Rejuvenation Res 2006 Spring;9(1):10-9.
            pubmed: 16608390doi: 10.1089/rej.2006.9.10google scholar: lookup
          20. Ratajczak MZ, Zuba-Surma EK, Wysoczynski M, Wan W, Ratajczak J, Wojakowski W, Kucia M. Hunt for pluripotent stem cell -- regenerative medicine search for almighty cell.. J Autoimmun 2008 May;30(3):151-62.
            pmc: PMC2692479pubmed: 18243661doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2007.12.003google scholar: lookup
          21. Colter DC, Class R, DiGirolamo CM, Prockop DJ. Rapid expansion of recycling stem cells in cultures of plastic-adherent cells from human bone marrow.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000 Mar 28;97(7):3213-8.
            pmc: PMC16218pubmed: 10725391doi: 10.1073/pnas.97.7.3213google scholar: lookup
          22. Zuba-Surma EK, Kucia M, Abdel-Latif A, Dawn B, Hall B, Singh R, Lillard JW Jr, Ratajczak MZ. Morphological characterization of very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) by ImageStream system analysis.. J Cell Mol Med 2008 Jan-Feb;12(1):292-303.
            pmc: PMC3823490pubmed: 18031297doi: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2007.00154.xgoogle scholar: lookup
          23. Lin CH, Jackson AL, Guo J, Linsley PS, Eisenman RN. Myc-regulated microRNAs attenuate embryonic stem cell differentiation.. EMBO J 2009 Oct 21;28(20):3157-70.
            pmc: PMC2744176pubmed: 19745813doi: 10.1038/emboj.2009.254google scholar: lookup
          24. Satoh Y, Matsumura I, Tanaka H, Ezoe S, Sugahara H, Mizuki M, Shibayama H, Ishiko E, Ishiko J, Nakajima K, Kanakura Y. Roles for c-Myc in self-renewal of hematopoietic stem cells.. J Biol Chem 2004 Jun 11;279(24):24986-93.
            pubmed: 15067010doi: 10.1074/jbc.m400407200google scholar: lookup
          25. Kreis T, Vale RS. Guidebook to the Cytoskeletal and Motor Proteins. 1‐551, 2nd edn Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York.
          26. Kadner A, Zund G, Maurus C, Breymann C, Yakarisik S, Kadner G, Turina M, Hoerstrup SP. Human umbilical cord cells for cardiovascular tissue engineering: a comparative study.. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2004 Apr;25(4):635-41.
            pubmed: 15037283doi: 10.1016/j.ejcts.2003.12.038google scholar: lookup
          27. Takechi K, Kuwabara Y, Mizuno M. Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical studies of Wharton's jelly umbilical cord cells.. Placenta 1993 Mar-Apr;14(2):235-45.
            pubmed: 8506251doi: 10.1016/s0143-4004(05)80264-4google scholar: lookup
          28. Majno G, Gabbiani G, Hirschel BJ, Ryan GB, Statkov PR. Contraction of granulation tissue in vitro: similarity to smooth muscle.. Science 1971 Aug 6;173(3996):548-50.
            pubmed: 4327529doi: 10.1126/science.173.3996.548google scholar: lookup
          29. Can A, Karahuseyinoglu S. Concise review: human umbilical cord stroma with regard to the source of fetus-derived stem cells.. Stem Cells 2007 Nov;25(11):2886-95.
            pubmed: 17690177doi: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0417google scholar: lookup
          30. Troyer DL, Weiss ML. Wharton's jelly-derived cells are a primitive stromal cell population.. Stem Cells 2008 Mar;26(3):591-9.
            pmc: PMC3311226pubmed: 18065397doi: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0439google scholar: lookup
          31. Anzalone R, Lo Iacono M, Corrao S, Magno F, Loria T, Cappello F, Zummo G, Farina F, La Rocca G. New emerging potentials for human Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells: immunological features and hepatocyte-like differentiative capacity.. Stem Cells Dev 2010 Apr;19(4):423-38.
            pubmed: 19958166doi: 10.1089/scd.2009.0299google scholar: lookup
          32. Anzalone R, Lo Iacono M, Loria T, Di Stefano A, Giannuzzi P, Farina F, La Rocca G. Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells as candidates for beta cells regeneration: extending the differentiative and immunomodulatory benefits of adult mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of type 1 diabetes.. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2011 Jun;7(2):342-63.
            pubmed: 20972649doi: 10.1007/s12015-010-9196-4google scholar: lookup
          33. Karahuseyinoglu S, Cinar O, Kilic E, Kara F, Akay GG, Demiralp DO, Tukun A, Uckan D, Can A. Biology of stem cells in human umbilical cord stroma: in situ and in vitro surveys.. Stem Cells 2007 Feb;25(2):319-31.
            pubmed: 17053211doi: 10.1634/stemcells.2006-0286google scholar: lookup
          34. Nanaev AK, Kohnen G, Milovanov AP, Domogatsky SP, Kaufmann P. Stromal differentiation and architecture of the human umbilical cord.. Placenta 1997 Jan;18(1):53-64.
            pubmed: 9032810doi: 10.1016/s0143-4004(97)90071-0google scholar: lookup
          35. Owen M, Friedenstein AJ. Stromal stem cells: marrow-derived osteogenic precursors.. Ciba Found Symp 1988;136:42-60.
            pubmed: 3068016doi: 10.1002/9780470513637.ch4google scholar: lookup
          36. Baksh D, Song L, Tuan RS. Adult mesenchymal stem cells: characterization, differentiation, and application in cell and gene therapy.. J Cell Mol Med 2004 Jul-Sep;8(3):301-16.
            pmc: PMC6740223pubmed: 15491506doi: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2004.tb00320.xgoogle scholar: lookup
          37. Prockop DJ. Marrow stromal cells as stem cells for nonhematopoietic tissues.. Science 1997 Apr 4;276(5309):71-4.
            pubmed: 9082988doi: 10.1126/science.276.5309.71google scholar: lookup
          38. Carlin R, Davis D, Weiss M, Schultz B, Troyer D. Expression of early transcription factors Oct-4, Sox-2 and Nanog by porcine umbilical cord (PUC) matrix cells.. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2006 Feb 6;4:8.
            pmc: PMC1373634pubmed: 16460563doi: 10.1186/1477-7827-4-8google scholar: lookup
          39. Deans RJ, Moseley AB. Mesenchymal stem cells: biology and potential clinical uses.. Exp Hematol 2000 Aug;28(8):875-84.
            pubmed: 10989188doi: 10.1016/s0301-472x(00)00482-3google scholar: lookup
          40. Raouf A, Seth A. Ets transcription factors and targets in osteogenesis.. Oncogene 2000 Dec 18;19(55):6455-63.
            pubmed: 11175361doi: 10.1038/sj.onc.1204037google scholar: lookup
          41. Koerner J, Nesic D, Romero JD, Brehm W, Mainil-Varlet P, Grogan SP. Equine peripheral blood-derived progenitors in comparison to bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells.. Stem Cells 2006 Jun;24(6):1613-9.
            pubmed: 16769763doi: 10.1634/stemcells.2005-0264google scholar: lookup
          42. Woodbury D, Schwarz EJ, Prockop DJ, Black IB. Adult rat and human bone marrow stromal cells differentiate into neurons.. J Neurosci Res 2000 Aug 15;61(4):364-70.
            pubmed: 10931522doi: 10.1002/1097-4547(20000815)61:4<364::aid-jnr2>3.0.co;2-cgoogle scholar: lookup
          43. Lendahl U, Zimmerman LB, McKay RD. CNS stem cells express a new class of intermediate filament protein.. Cell 1990 Feb 23;60(4):585-95.
            pubmed: 1689217doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90662-xgoogle scholar: lookup

          Citations

          This article has been cited 18 times.
          1. Han XX, Jin S, Yu LM, Wang M, Hu XY, Hu DY, Ren J, Zhang MH, Huang W, Deng JJ, Chen QQ, Gao Z, He H, Cai C. Interferon-beta inhibits human glioma stem cell growth by modulating immune response and cell cycle related signaling pathways.. Cell Regen 2022 Jul 2;11(1):23.
            doi: 10.1186/s13619-022-00123-wpubmed: 35778531google scholar: lookup
          2. Wang YH, Tao YC, Wu DB, Wang ML, Tang H, Chen EQ. Cell heterogeneity, rather than the cell storage solution, affects the behavior of mesenchymal stem cells in vitro and in vivo.. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021 Jul 13;12(1):391.
            doi: 10.1186/s13287-021-02450-2pubmed: 34256842google scholar: lookup
          3. Fatima Q, Choudhry N, Choudhery MS. Umbilical Cord Tissue Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells can Differentiate into Skin Cells.. Open Life Sci 2018 Jan;13:544-552.
            doi: 10.1515/biol-2018-0065pubmed: 33817125google scholar: lookup
          4. Seo MS, Kang KK, Oh SK, Sung SE, Kim KS, Kwon YS, Yun S. Isolation and Characterization of Feline Wharton's Jelly-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells.. Vet Sci 2021 Feb 7;8(2).
            doi: 10.3390/vetsci8020024pubmed: 33562192google scholar: lookup
          5. Merlo B, Teti G, Lanci A, Burk J, Mazzotti E, Falconi M, Iacono E. Comparison between adult and foetal adnexa derived equine post-natal mesenchymal stem cells.. BMC Vet Res 2019 Aug 2;15(1):277.
            doi: 10.1186/s12917-019-2023-5pubmed: 31375144google scholar: lookup
          6. Yang Q, Pinto VMR, Duan W, Paxton EE, Dessauer JH, Ryan W, Lopez MJ. In vitro Characteristics of Heterogeneous Equine Hoof Progenitor Cell Isolates.. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019;7:155.
            doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00155pubmed: 31355191google scholar: lookup
          7. Barboni B, Russo V, Berardinelli P, Mauro A, Valbonetti L, Sanyal H, Canciello A, Greco L, Muttini A, Gatta V, Stuppia L, Mattioli M. Placental Stem Cells from Domestic Animals: Translational Potential and Clinical Relevance.. Cell Transplant 2018 Jan;27(1):93-116.
            doi: 10.1177/0963689717724797pubmed: 29562773google scholar: lookup
          8. Dias MC, Landim-Alvarenga FD, de Moraes CN, da Costa LD, Geraldini CM, de Vasconcelos Machado VM, Maia L. Intramuscular Transplantation of Allogeneic Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Derived from Equine Umbilical Cord.. Int J Stem Cells 2016 Nov 30;9(2):239-249.
            doi: 10.15283/ijsc16011pubmed: 27572709google scholar: lookup
          9. Fülber J, Maria DA, da Silva LC, Massoco CO, Agreste F, Baccarin RY. Comparative study of equine mesenchymal stem cells from healthy and injured synovial tissues: an in vitro assessment.. Stem Cell Res Ther 2016 Mar 5;7:35.
            doi: 10.1186/s13287-016-0294-3pubmed: 26944403google scholar: lookup
          10. Fernandez-Moure JS, Corradetti B, Chan P, Van Eps JL, Janecek T, Rameshwar P, Weiner BK, Tasciotti E. Enhanced osteogenic potential of mesenchymal stem cells from cortical bone: a comparative analysis.. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015 Oct 26;6:203.
            doi: 10.1186/s13287-015-0193-zpubmed: 26503337google scholar: lookup
          11. Li Q, Rycaj K, Chen X, Tang DG. Cancer stem cells and cell size: A causal link?. Semin Cancer Biol 2015 Dec;35:191-9.
            doi: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.07.002pubmed: 26241348google scholar: lookup
          12. Radtke CL, Nino-Fong R, Rodriguez-Lecompte JC, Esparza Gonzalez BP, Stryhn H, McD￮ LA. Osteogenic potential of sorted equine mesenchymal stem cell subpopulations.. Can J Vet Res 2015 Apr;79(2):101-8.
            pubmed: 25852225
          13. Martino NA, Reshkin SJ, Ciani E, Dell'Aquila ME. Calcium-sensing receptor-mediated osteogenic and early-stage neurogenic differentiation in umbilical cord matrix mesenchymal stem cells from a large animal model.. PLoS One 2014;9(11):e111533.
            doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111533pubmed: 25379789google scholar: lookup
          14. Corradetti B, Correani A, Romaldini A, Marini MG, Bizzaro D, Perrini C, Cremonesi F, Lange-Consiglio A. Amniotic membrane-derived mesenchymal cells and their conditioned media: potential candidates for uterine regenerative therapy in the horse.. PLoS One 2014;9(10):e111324.
            doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111324pubmed: 25360561google scholar: lookup
          15. Barberini DJ, Freitas NP, Magnoni MS, Maia L, Listoni AJ, Heckler MC, Sudano MJ, Golim MA, da Cruz Landim-Alvarenga F, Amorim RM. Equine mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow, adipose tissue and umbilical cord: immunophenotypic characterization and differentiation potential.. Stem Cell Res Ther 2014 Feb 21;5(1):25.
            doi: 10.1186/scrt414pubmed: 24559797google scholar: lookup
          16. Rutigliano L, Corradetti B, Valentini L, Bizzaro D, Meucci A, Cremonesi F, Lange-Consiglio A. Molecular characterization and in vitro differentiation of feline progenitor-like amniotic epithelial cells.. Stem Cell Res Ther 2013 Oct 30;4(5):133.
            doi: 10.1186/scrt344pubmed: 24405576google scholar: lookup
          17. Tetta C, Consiglio AL, Bruno S, Tetta E, Gatti E, Dobreva M, Cremonesi F, Camussi G. The role of microvesicles derived from mesenchymal stem cells in tissue regeneration; a dream for tendon repair?. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J 2012 Jul;2(3):212-21.
            pubmed: 23738299
          18. Iacono E, Cunto M, Zambelli D, Ricci F, Tazzari PL, Merlo B. Could fetal fluid and membranes be an alternative source for mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the feline species? A preliminary study.. Vet Res Commun 2012 Jun;36(2):107-18.
            doi: 10.1007/s11259-012-9520-3pubmed: 22327440google scholar: lookup
          Subscribe to our newsletter
          Join 99,359 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.