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PloS one2015; 10(12); e0146024; doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146024

Spatio-Temporal Identification of Areas Suitable for West Nile Disease in the Mediterranean Basin and Central Europe.

Abstract: West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-transmitted Flavivirus belonging to the Japanese encephalitis antigenic complex of the Flaviviridae family. Its spread in the Mediterranean basin and the Balkans poses a significant risk to human health and forces public health officials to constantly monitor the virus transmission to ensure prompt application of preventive measures. In this context, predictive tools indicating the areas and periods at major risk of WNV transmission are of paramount importance. Spatial analysis approaches, which use environmental and climatic variables to find suitable habitats for WNV spread, can enhance predictive techniques. Using the Mahalanobis Distance statistic, areas ecologically most suitable for sustaining WNV transmission were identified in the Mediterranean basin and Central Europe. About 270 human and equine clinical cases notified in Italy, Greece, Portugal, Morocco, and Tunisia, between 2008 and 2012, have been considered. The environmental variables included in the model were altitude, slope, night time Land Surface Temperature, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, Enhanced Vegetation Index, and daily temperature range. Seasonality of mosquito population has been modelled and included in the analyses to produce monthly maps of suitable areas for West Nile Disease. Between May and July, the most suitable areas are located in Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, and North Cyprus. Summer/Autumn months, particularly between August and October, characterize the suitability in Italy, France, Spain, the Balkan countries, Morocco, North Tunisia, the Mediterranean coast of Africa, and the Middle East. The persistence of suitable conditions in December is confined to the coastal areas of Morocco, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, and Israel.
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Publication Date: 2015-12-30 PubMed ID: 26717483PubMed Central: PMC4696814DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146024Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article revolves around predicting the areas and timeframes at high risk of West Nile virus (WNV) transmission in the Mediterranean basin and Central Europe through spatial analysis. Areas suitable for WNV transmission were identified using environmental and climatic variables, and mosquito population seasonality was modeled to create monthly maps of risk areas.

Identifying Areas Suitable for West Nile Virus

  • WNV is a Flavivirus transmitted through mosquitos and poses a significant health risk, especially in the Mediterranean basin and the Balkans. It is crucial to monitor virus transmission to apply preventive measures promptly.
  • In this research, the authors developed predictive tools to indicate areas and periods at high risk of WNV transmission. By using the Mahalanobis Distance statistic, they identified areas in the Mediterranean basin and Central Europe that are most ecologically suitable for the spread of WNV.
  • To achieve this, the researchers analyzed about 270 human and equine clinical cases reported in Italy, Greece, Portugal, Morocco, and Tunisia between 2008 and 2012. Environmental variables such as altitude, slope, nighttime Land Surface Temperature, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, Enhanced Vegetation Index, and daily temperature range were considered in the model.

Role of Seasonality and Monthly Maps of Risk Areas

  • The researchers incorporated the seasonality of mosquito populations into their analyses. This allowed them to create monthly maps indicating areas suitable for West Nile Disease.
  • The mapping revealed that from May to July, the areas most suitable for the spread of the virus are in Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, and North Cyprus.
  • Between August and October, the study identified Italy, France, Spain, the Balkan countries, Morocco, North Tunisia, the Mediterranean coast of Africa, and the Middle East as regions with suitability for WNV spread.
  • Persistence of suitable conditions was found in the coastal areas of Morocco, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, and Israel in December.

Significance of the Study

  • The study provides an innovative tool for public health officials to understand the spatial and temporal spread of the West Nile virus. This can facilitate more targeted and timely applications of preventive measures and resources.
  • This predictive tool enhances the ability to prepare and respond to WNV spread, potentially reducing the impact of the disease.

Cite This Article

APA
Conte A, Candeloro L, Ippoliti C, Monaco F, De Massis F, Bruno R, Di Sabatino D, Danzetta ML, Benjelloun A, Belkadi B, El Harrak M, Declich S, Rizzo C, Hammami S, Ben Hassine T, Calistri P, Savini G. (2015). Spatio-Temporal Identification of Areas Suitable for West Nile Disease in the Mediterranean Basin and Central Europe. PLoS One, 10(12), e0146024. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0146024

Publication

PloS one
ISSN: 1932-6203
NlmUniqueID: 101285081
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 10
Issue: 12
Pages: e0146024
PII: e0146024

Researcher Affiliations

Conte, Annamaria
  • Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise 'G. Caporale', Teramo, Italy.
Candeloro, Luca
  • Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise 'G. Caporale', Teramo, Italy.
Ippoliti, Carla
  • Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise 'G. Caporale', Teramo, Italy.
Monaco, Federica
  • Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise 'G. Caporale', Teramo, Italy.
De Massis, Fabrizio
  • Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise 'G. Caporale', Teramo, Italy.
Bruno, Rossana
  • Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise 'G. Caporale', Teramo, Italy.
Di Sabatino, Daria
  • Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise 'G. Caporale', Teramo, Italy.
Danzetta, Maria Luisa
  • Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise 'G. Caporale', Teramo, Italy.
Benjelloun, Abdennasser
  • Société de Produits Biologiques et Pharmaceutiques vétérinaires (Biopharma), Rabat, Morocco.
  • Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University Mohamed V, Faculty of Science, Rabat, Morocco.
Belkadi, Bouchra
  • Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University Mohamed V, Faculty of Science, Rabat, Morocco.
El Harrak, Mehdi
  • Société de Produits Biologiques et Pharmaceutiques vétérinaires (Biopharma), Rabat, Morocco.
Declich, Silvia
  • Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Reparto Epidemiologia delle Malattie Infettive, Centro Nazionale di Epidemiologia, Sorveglianza e Promozione della Salute, Rome, Italy.
Rizzo, Caterina
  • Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Reparto Epidemiologia delle Malattie Infettive, Centro Nazionale di Epidemiologia, Sorveglianza e Promozione della Salute, Rome, Italy.
Hammami, Salah
  • Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet (ENMV), Sidi Thabet, Tunisia.
Ben Hassine, Thameur
  • Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet (ENMV), Sidi Thabet, Tunisia.
Calistri, Paolo
  • Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise 'G. Caporale', Teramo, Italy.
Savini, Giovanni
  • Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise 'G. Caporale', Teramo, Italy.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Climate
  • Environment
  • Europe / epidemiology
  • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
  • Horse Diseases / virology
  • Horses / virology
  • Humans
  • Mediterranean Region / epidemiology
  • Spatio-Temporal Analysis
  • West Nile Fever / epidemiology
  • West Nile Fever / transmission
  • West Nile Fever / veterinary
  • West Nile virus / physiology

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors have the following interests: Mehdi El Harrak is employed by Société de Produits Biologiques et Pharmaceutiques vétérinaires (Biopharma), which is a semi-public company financed in large part by Ministry of Agriculture. Abdennasser Benjelloun performed laboratory tests in the laboratories of Société de Produits Biologiques et Pharmaceutiques vétérinaires (Biopharma), during his period of PhD. There are no patents, products in development or marketed products to declare. This does not alter our adherence to all the PLoS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

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