FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Acta veterinaria Scandinavica2012; 54(1); 11; doi: 10.1186/1751-0147-54-11

The first nosocomial outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in horses in Sweden.

Abstract: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in animals is a rare finding in Sweden. In horses, MRSA was first detected in a screening survey in 2007. In 2008, six clinical cases occurred in an equine hospital, indicating an outbreak. Methods: All MRSA isolates detected, 11 spa-type t011 and one t064 (n = 12), in infected horses (n = 10) and screening of horses (n = 2) in Sweden from December 2007 to March 2010 were retrospectively analysed with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) using Cfr9I and ApaI restriction enzymes, to study relationship between the isolates. Medical records of infected horses and outbreak investigation notes were scrutinised to monitor the clinical outcome and other aspects of the outbreak. Results: Eight of the 10 infected horses were linked to one equine hospital and two to another hospital in the same region. The six horses infected with MRSA in 2008 underwent surgery during the period 22 May-7 July in one of the hospitals. Four more infections linked to the two hospitals were notified between 2009 and March 2010.Nine of the 11 spa-type t011 isolates had identical Cfr9I and ApaI PFGE pattern. All six infected horses from 2008 presented with this MRSA. Two t011 isolates differed in one and two bands, respectively, in PFGE.Nine horses suffered from surgical site infections (SSI). No antimicrobials were used following the MRSA diagnosis and the infections cleared. The time from surgery to MRSA diagnosis differed greatly between the horses (range 15-52 days). Conclusions: Association in time and space of six horses infected with an identical MRSA strain of spa-type t011 confirmed an outbreak. Two isolates found in 2009 and 2010 in the outbreak hospital were closely related to the outbreak strain, indicating one circulating strain. Both spa-type t011 and t064 have been reported in horses in Europe prior to these findings. The observation that the infections cleared although antimicrobials were not used is encouraging for future prudent use of antimicrobials. The time from surgery to bacteriological diagnosis was not acceptable in most cases, as contagious spread was a risk. Sampling when symptoms of infection are noticed and accurate analysis are thus important.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2012-02-08 PubMed ID: 22316072PubMed Central: PMC3348035DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-54-11Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research investigates the first outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in horses in an equine hospital in Sweden. This bacterial strain was found in eight horses from one hospital and two from another, all within the same region. Despite the severity of MRSA, the bacteria cleared without the use of antimicrobials, raising hope for a future reduction in antibiotic use. However, the researchers identify the need for improved infection detection to prevent risk of spread.

Objectives and Methods

  • The study aimed to examine the first recorded outbreak of the antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteria in horses in Sweden. Its objective was to understand the relationship between the isolates, monitor the clinical outcomes, and identify the cause of the outbreak.
  • It analyzed all the MRSA isolates found between December 2007 and March 2010 in infected and screened horses. The analysis was done using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis with two different restriction enzymes.
  • Also, it scrutinised medical records of infected horses and notes from the outbreak investigation to monitor the health outcome and other aspects of the outbreak.

Findings

  • The affected horses underwent surgery during a specific period in 2008 in one of the equine hospitals.
  • Eight infected horses were linked to one hospital, and two linked to another in the same region. The majority of horses were infected with the MRSA strain of spa-type t011.
  • Out of ten infected horses, nine horses suffered from surgical site infections (SSI).
  • Two additional MRSA isolates in 2009 and 2010 in the outbreak hospital were related to the original outbreak strain, suggesting the presence of one circulating strain.

Conclusions

  • Based on the timing and location of the six horses infected with an identical strain of MRSA, the researchers concluded that an outbreak had occurred.
  • Even though MRSA is a very severe bacterial strain, the infected horses healed without the use of antimicrobials. This observation encourages prudent use of antimicrobials in the future.
  • A major concern raised was the unacceptable time period from surgery to bacteriological diagnosis in most cases, as this could risk contagious spread. Therefore, the authors stress the importance of timely sampling when infection symptoms are noticed.

Cite This Article

APA
Bergström K, Aspan A, Landén A, Johnston C, Grönlund-Andersson U. (2012). The first nosocomial outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in horses in Sweden. Acta Vet Scand, 54(1), 11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1751-0147-54-11

Publication

Acta veterinaria Scandinavica
ISSN: 1751-0147
NlmUniqueID: 0370400
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 54
Issue: 1
Pages: 11

Researcher Affiliations

Bergström, Karin
  • Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden. karin.bergstrom@sva.se
Aspan, Anna
    Landén, Annica
      Johnston, Christopher
        Grönlund-Andersson, Ulrika

          MeSH Terms

          • Animals
          • Cross Infection / diagnosis
          • Cross Infection / epidemiology
          • Cross Infection / microbiology
          • Cross Infection / veterinary
          • Disease Outbreaks / veterinary
          • Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field / veterinary
          • Horse Diseases / diagnosis
          • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
          • Horse Diseases / microbiology
          • Horses
          • Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus / classification
          • Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus / isolation & purification
          • Retrospective Studies
          • Staphylococcal Infections / diagnosis
          • Staphylococcal Infections / epidemiology
          • Staphylococcal Infections / microbiology
          • Staphylococcal Infections / veterinary
          • Sweden

          References

          This article includes 56 references
          1. Hsueh PR, Teng LJ, Chen WH, Pan HJ, Chen ML, Chang SC, Luh KT, Lin FY. Increasing prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus causing nosocomial infections at a university hospital in Taiwan from 1986 to 2001.. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004;48:1361–1364.
            doi: 10.1128/AAC.48.4.1361-1364.2004pmc: PMC375258pubmed: 15047544google scholar: lookup
          2. Otter JA, French GL. Molecular epidemiology of community-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Europe.. Lancet Infect Dis 2010;10:227–239.
            doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(10)70053-0pubmed: 20334846google scholar: lookup
          3. Deleo FR, Otto M, Kreiswirth BN, Chambers HF. Community-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.. Lancet 2010;375:1557–1568.
            doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61999-1pmc: PMC3511788pubmed: 20206987google scholar: lookup
          4. Cimolai N. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Canada: a historical perspective and lessons learned.. Can J Microbiol 2010;56:89–120.
            doi: 10.1139/W09-109pubmed: 20237572google scholar: lookup
          5. Kock R, Becker K, Cookson B, van Gemert-Pijnen JE, Harbarth S, Kluytmans J, Mielke M, Peters G, Skov RL, Struelens MJ. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): burden of disease and control challenges in Europe.. Euro surveillance: bulletin europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin 2010;15:19688.
            pubmed: 20961515
          6. Heuer OMA-P, Gunell M, Economopoulou A, Blomquist AP, Brown D, Walton C, Patel N, Monnet D. Annual Report of the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network (EARS-Net). European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Antimicrobial resistance surveillance in Europe 2010 2010 pp. 30–31.
          7. Devriese LA, Hommez J. Epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in dairy herds.. Res Vet Sci 1975;19:23–27.
            pubmed: 125447
          8. Anzai TKMKT, Sugita S, Shimizu A, Higuchi T. Isolation of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from Mares with Metritis and its Zooepidemiology.. J Equine Sci 1996;7:7–11.
            doi: 10.1294/jes.7.7google scholar: lookup
          9. Shimizu A, Kawano J, Yamamoto C, Kakutani O, Anzai T, Kamada M. Genetic analysis of equine methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.. J Vet Med Sci 1997;59:935–937.
            doi: 10.1292/jvms.59.935pubmed: 9362045google scholar: lookup
          10. Anderson ME, Lefebvre SL, Rankin SC, Aceto H, Morley PS, Caron JP, Welsh RD, Holbrook TC, Moore B, Taylor DR, Weese JS. Retrospective multicentre study of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in 115 horses.. Equine Vet J 2009;41:401–405.
            doi: 10.2746/042516408X345134pubmed: 19562904google scholar: lookup
          11. Abbott Y, Leggett B, Rossney AS, Leonard FC, Markey BK. Isolation rates of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in dogs, cats and horses in Ireland.. Vet Rec 2010;166:451–455.
            pubmed: 20382932
          12. Cuny C, Friedrich A, Kozytska S, Layer F, Nubel U, Ohlsen K, Strommenger B, Walther B, Wieler L, Witte W. Emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in different animal species.. Int J Med Microbiol 2009;300:109–117.
            pubmed: 20005777
          13. Vanderhaeghen W, Hermans K, Haesebrouck F, Butaye P. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in food production animals.. Epidemiol Infect 2010;138:606–625.
            doi: 10.1017/S0950268809991567pubmed: 20122300google scholar: lookup
          14. Weese JS, Rousseau J, Willey BM, Archambault M, McGeer A, Low DE. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in horses at a veterinary teaching hospital: frequency, characterization, and association with clinical disease.. Journal of veterinary internal medicine/American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2006;20:182–186.
            pubmed: 16496939
          15. van Duijkeren E, Moleman M, Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan MM, Multem J, Troelstra A, Fluit AC, van Wamel WJ, Houwers DJ, de Neeling AJ, Wagenaar JA. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in horses and horse personnel: an investigation of several outbreaks.. Veterinary Microbiology 2010;141:96–102.
            doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.08.009pubmed: 19740613google scholar: lookup
          16. Armand-Lefevre L, Ruimy R, Andremont A. Clonal comparison of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from healthy pig farmers, human controls, and pigs.. Emerg Infect Dis 2005;11:711–714.
            pmc: PMC3320358pubmed: 15890125
          17. Hermans K, Lipinska U, Denis O, Deplano A, Struelens MJ, Nemati M, Pasmans F, Butaye P, Martens A, Deprez P, Haesebrouck F. MRSA clone ST398-SCCmec IV as a cause of infection in an equine clinic.. Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift 2008;77:429–432.
          18. Van den Eede A, Martens A, Lipinska U, Struelens M, Deplano A, Denis O, Haesebrouck F, Gasthuys F, Hermans K. High occurrence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 in equine nasal samples.. Vet Microbiol 2009;133:138–144.
            doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.06.021pubmed: 18701224google scholar: lookup
          19. Fessler A, Scott C, Kadlec K, Ehricht R, Monecke S, Schwarz S. Characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 from cases of bovine mastitis.. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010;65:619–625.
            doi: 10.1093/jac/dkq021pubmed: 20164198google scholar: lookup
          20. Moodley A, Nightingale EC, Stegger M, Nielsen SS, Skov RL, Guardabassi L. High risk for nasal carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among Danish veterinary practitioners.. Scand J Work Environ Health 2008;34:151–157.
            doi: 10.5271/sjweh.1219pubmed: 18470441google scholar: lookup
          21. Cuny C, Nathaus R, Layer F, Strommenger B, Altmann D, Witte W. Nasal colonization of humans with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) CC398 with and without exposure to pigs.. PLoS One 2009;4:e6800.
            doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006800pmc: PMC2728842pubmed: 19710922google scholar: lookup
          22. Smith TC, Male MJ, Harper AL, Kroeger JS, Tinkler GP, Moritz ED, Capuano AW, Herwaldt LA, Diekema DJ. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strain ST398 is present in midwestern U.S. swine and swine workers.. PLoS One 2009;4:e4258.
            doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004258pmc: PMC2626282pubmed: 19145257google scholar: lookup
          23. Golding GR, Bryden L, Levett PN, McDonald RR, Wong A, Wylie J, Graham MR, Tyler S, Van Domselaar G, Simor AE. Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus sequence type 398 in humans, Canada.. Emerg Infect Dis 2010;16:587–594.
            pmc: PMC3321955pubmed: 20350371
          24. Bosch T, de Neeling AJ, Schouls LM, van der Zwaluw KW, Kluytmans JA, Grundmann H, Huijsdens XW. PFGE diversity within the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clonal lineage ST398.. BMC Microbiol 2010;10:40.
            doi: 10.1186/1471-2180-10-40pmc: PMC2850908pubmed: 20144202google scholar: lookup
          25. de Neeling AJ, van den Broek MJM, Spalburg EC, van Santen-Verheuvel MG, Dam-Deisz WDC, Boshuizen HC, van de Giessen AW, van Duijkeren E, Huijsdens XW. High prevalence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pigs.. Veterinary Microbiology 2007;122:366–372.
            doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.01.027pubmed: 17367960google scholar: lookup
          26. van de Giessen AW, van Santen-Verheuvel MG, Hengeveld PD, Bosch T, Broens EM, Reusken CB. Occurrence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in rats living on pig farms.. Prev Vet Med 2009;91:270–273.
            doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.05.016pubmed: 19523703google scholar: lookup
          27. Kock R, Harlizius J, Bressan N, Laerberg R, Wieler LH, Witte W, Deurenberg RH, Voss A, Becker K, Friedrich AW. Prevalence and molecular characteristics of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) among pigs on German farms and import of livestock-related MRSA into hospitals.. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2009;28:1375–1382.
            doi: 10.1007/s10096-009-0795-4pmc: PMC2772956pubmed: 19701815google scholar: lookup
          28. Cuny C, Strommenger B, Witte W, Stanek C. Clusters of infections in horses with MRSA ST1, ST254, and ST398 in a veterinary hospital.. Microb Drug Resist 2008;14:307–310.
            doi: 10.1089/mdr.2008.0845pubmed: 19025385google scholar: lookup
          29. Rantala M, Thompson K, Myllyniemi AL, Pitkälä A, Seppanen J, Kanerva M, Vuopio-Varkila J, Vainio A, Lyytikäinen O. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in horses and horse personnel at the Finish veterianry teaching hospital, 2006-2008. 18th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, ESCMID 2008. Barcelona, Spain; p. P1453.
          30. Krziwanek K, Metz-Gercek S, Mittermayer H. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 from human patients, upper Austria.. Emerging infectious diseases 2009;15:766–769.
            doi: 10.3201/eid1505.080326pmc: PMC2687006pubmed: 19402964google scholar: lookup
          31. Witte W, Strommenger B, Stanek C, Cuny C. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 in humans and animals, Central Europe.. Emerg Infect Dis 2007;13:255–258.
            doi: 10.3201/eid1302.060924pmc: PMC2725865pubmed: 17479888google scholar: lookup
          32. Grisold AJ, Zarfel G, Hoenigl M, Krziwanek K, Feierl G, Masoud L, Leitner E, Wagner-Eibel U, Badura A, Marth E. Occurrence and genotyping using automated repetitive-sequence-based PCR of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 in Southeast Austria.. Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease 2010;66:217–221.
            doi: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2009.09.006pubmed: 19828273google scholar: lookup
          33. Murchan S, Kaufmann ME, Deplano A, de Ryck R, Struelens M, Zinn CE, Fussing V, Salmenlinna S, Vuopio-Varkila J, El Solh N. Harmonization of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis protocols for epidemiological typing of strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a single approach developed by consensus in 10 European laboratories and its application for tracing the spread of related strains.. J Clin Microbiol 2003;41:1574–1585.
            doi: 10.1128/JCM.41.4.1574-1585.2003pmc: PMC153895pubmed: 12682148google scholar: lookup
          34. Rasschaert G, Vanderhaeghen W, Dewaele I, Janez N, Huijsdens X, Butaye P, Heyndrickx M. Comparison of fingerprinting methods for typing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus sequence type 398.. J Clin Microbiol 2009;47:3313–3322.
            doi: 10.1128/JCM.00910-09pmc: PMC2756936pubmed: 19710273google scholar: lookup
          35. Argudin MA, Rodicio MR, Guerra B. The emerging methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 clone can easily be typed using the Cfr9I SmaI-neoschizomer.. Lett Appl Microbiol 2009;50:127–130.
            pubmed: 19843206
          36. Kadlec K, Ehricht R, Monecke S, Steinacker U, Kaspar H, Mankertz J, Schwarz S. Diversity of antimicrobial resistance pheno- and genotypes of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 from diseased swine.. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009;64:1156–1164.
            doi: 10.1093/jac/dkp350pubmed: 19808235google scholar: lookup
          37. Bens CC, Voss A, Klaassen CH. Presence of a novel DNA methylation enzyme in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates associated with pig farming leads to uninterpretable results in standard pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis.. Journal of clinical microbiology 2006;44:1875–1876.
            doi: 10.1128/JCM.44.5.1875-1876.2006pmc: PMC1479204pubmed: 16672428google scholar: lookup
          38. Bengtsson B, Greko C, Groenlund-Andersson U. SVARM. Swedish Veterinary Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring.. Swedish Veterinary Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring: The National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden 2007.
          39. SVARM, Bengtsson B, Ericsson-Unnerstad H, Greko C, Groenlund-Andersson U, Landén A. Swedish Veterinary Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring.. Swedish Veterinary Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring: The National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden 2010.
          40. Anonymous. Analysis of the baseline survey on the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in holdings with breeding pigs, in the EU, 2008 - Part B: factors associated with MRSA contamination of holdings.. EFSA Journal 2010;8(6):1–67.
          41. Busscher JF, van Duijkeren E, Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan MM. The prevalence of methicillin-resistant staphylococci in healthy horses in the Netherlands.. Veterinary Microbiology 2006;113:131–136.
            doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.10.028pubmed: 16303264google scholar: lookup
          42. Institute CaLS. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; Seventh Informational Supplement.. 2007.
          43. The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. http://www.eucast.org/
            pubmed: 0
          44. Smyth RW, Kahlmeter G, Olsson Liljequist B, Hoffman B. Methods for identifying methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus.. J Hosp Infect 2001;48:103–107.
            doi: 10.1053/jhin.2001.0933pubmed: 11428876google scholar: lookup
          45. Harmsen D, Claus H, Witte W, Rothganger J, Turnwald D, Vogel U. Typing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a university hospital setting by using novel software for spa repeat determination and database management.. J Clin Microbiol 2003;41:5442–5448.
            doi: 10.1128/JCM.41.12.5442-5448.2003pmc: PMC309029pubmed: 14662923google scholar: lookup
          46. Enright MC, Day NP, Davies CE, Peacock SJ, Spratt BG. Multilocus sequence typing for characterization of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible clones of Staphylococcus aureus.. J Clin Microbiol 2000;38:1008–1015.
            pmc: PMC86325pubmed: 10698988
          47. Tenover FC, Arbeit RD, Goering RV, Mickelsen PA, Murray BE, Persing DH, Swaminathan B. Interpreting chromosomal DNA restriction patterns produced by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis: criteria for bacterial strain typing.. Journal of clinical microbiology 1995;33:2233–2239.
            pmc: PMC228385pubmed: 7494007
          48. Hellman J NCaO-LB. SWEDRES. A report on Swedish Antibiotic Utilisasation and Resistance in Human Medicine.. 2010.
          49. Weese JS, van Duijkeren E. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in veterinary medicine.. Veterinary Microbiology 2010;140:418–429.
            doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.01.039pubmed: 19246166google scholar: lookup
          50. Walther B, Monecke S, Ruscher C, Friedrich AW, Ehricht R, Slickers P, Soba A, Wleklinski CG, Wieler LH, Lubke-Becker A. Comparative molecular analysis substantiates zoonotic potential of equine methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.. J Clin Microbiol 2009;47:704–710.
            doi: 10.1128/JCM.01626-08pmc: PMC2650932pubmed: 19109463google scholar: lookup
          51. Maddox TW, Scantlebury CE, Clegg PD, Dawson S, Pinchebeck GL, Williams NJ. A review of the characteristics and treatment of the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the horse and a case series of MRSA infections in four horses.. Equine Vet Eduaction 2010;22:91–102.
            doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2009.00026.xgoogle scholar: lookup
          52. Salmenlinna S, Lyytikainen O, Vainio A, Myllyniemi AL, Raulo S, Kanerva M, Rantala M, Thomson K, Seppanen J, Vuopio J. Human cases of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus CC398, Finland.. Emerg Infect Dis 2010;16:1626–1629.
            pmc: PMC3294383pubmed: 20875297
          53. Baverud V, Franklin A, Gunnarsson A, Gustafsson A, Hellander-Edman A. Clostridium difficile associated with acute colitis in mares when their foals are treated with erythromycin and rifampicin for Rhodococcus equi pneumonia.. Equine veterinary journal 1998;30:482–488.
            doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1998.tb04523.xpubmed: 9844966google scholar: lookup
          54. Del Rosso JQ. Wound care in the dermatology office: where are we in 2011?. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2011;64:S1–7.
            doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2010.10.038pubmed: 21247666google scholar: lookup
          55. Hogberg LD, Heddini A, Cars O. The global need for effective antibiotics: challenges and recent advances.. Trends in pharmacological sciences 2010;31:509–515.
            doi: 10.1016/j.tips.2010.08.002pubmed: 20843562google scholar: lookup
          56. Anderson ME, Weese JS. Evaluation of a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for rapid identification of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus directly from nasal swabs in horses.. Veterinary Microbiology 2007;122:185–189.
            doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.01.001pubmed: 17284351google scholar: lookup

          Citations

          This article has been cited 16 times.
          1. Soimala T, Wasiksiri S, Boonchuay K, Wongtawan T, Fungwithaya P. Methicillin-resistant coagulase-positive staphylococci in new, middle-aged, and old veterinary hospitals in southern Thailand: A preliminary study. Vet World 2024 Feb;17(2):282-288.
            doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.282-288pubmed: 38595667google scholar: lookup
          2. Gehlen H, Klein KS, Merle R, Lübke-Becker A, Stoeckle SD. Does colonization with MRSA, ESBL - producing Enterobacteriaceae, and/or Acinetobacter baumannii - increase the risk for postoperative surgical site infection?. Vet Med Sci 2023 Mar;9(2):729-737.
            doi: 10.1002/vms3.1073pubmed: 36646070google scholar: lookup
          3. Fungwithaya P, Sontigun N, Boonhoh W, Boonchuay K, Wongtawan T. Antimicrobial resistance in Staphylococcus pseudintermedius on the environmental surfaces of a recently constructed veterinary hospital in Southern Thailand. Vet World 2022 Apr;15(4):1087-1096.
            doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.1087-1096pubmed: 35698521google scholar: lookup
          4. Rahman AZA, Adzahan NM, Zakaria Z, Mayaki AM. Antibacterial effect of acidic ionized water on horse wounds bacterial isolates. Vet World 2021 May;14(5):1128-1132.
            doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.1128-1132pubmed: 34220113google scholar: lookup
          5. Stöckle SD, Kannapin DA, Kauter AML, Lübke-Becker A, Walther B, Merle R, Gehlen H. A Pilot Randomised Clinical Trial Comparing a Short-Term Perioperative Prophylaxis Regimen to a Long-Term Standard Protocol in Equine Colic Surgery. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021 May 16;10(5).
            doi: 10.3390/antibiotics10050587pubmed: 34065712google scholar: lookup
          6. Hemeg HA. Determination of phylogenetic relationships among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus recovered from infected humans and Companion Animals. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021 Apr;28(4):2098-2101.
            doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.01.017pubmed: 33911925google scholar: lookup
          7. Kalayu AA, Woldetsadik DA, Woldeamanuel Y, Wang SH, Gebreyes WA, Teferi T. Burden and antimicrobial resistance of S. aureus in dairy farms in Mekelle, Northern Ethiopia. BMC Vet Res 2020 Jan 22;16(1):20.
            doi: 10.1186/s12917-020-2235-8pubmed: 31969151google scholar: lookup
          8. Haenni M, Châtre P, Dupieux-Chabert C, Métayer V, Bes M, Madec JY, Laurent F. Molecular Epidemiology of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Horses, Cats, and Dogs Over a 5-Year Period in France. Front Microbiol 2017;8:2493.
            doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02493pubmed: 29326664google scholar: lookup
          9. Bortolami A, Williams NJ, McGowan CM, Kelly PG, Archer DC, Corrò M, Pinchbeck G, Saunders CJ, Timofte D. Environmental surveillance identifies multiple introductions of MRSA CC398 in an Equine Veterinary Hospital in the UK, 2011-2016. Sci Rep 2017 Jul 14;7(1):5499.
            doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-05559-8pubmed: 28710350google scholar: lookup
          10. Koop G, Vrieling M, Storisteanu DM, Lok LS, Monie T, van Wigcheren G, Raisen C, Ba X, Gleadall N, Hadjirin N, Timmerman AJ, Wagenaar JA, Klunder HM, Fitzgerald JR, Zadoks R, Paterson GK, Torres C, Waller AS, Loeffler A, Loncaric I, Hoet AE, Bergström K, De Martino L, Pomba C, de Lencastre H, Ben Slama K, Gharsa H, Richardson EJ, Chilvers ER, de Haas C, van Kessel K, van Strijp JA, Harrison EM, Holmes MA. Identification of LukPQ, a novel, equid-adapted leukocidin of Staphylococcus aureus. Sci Rep 2017 Jan 20;7:40660.
            doi: 10.1038/srep40660pubmed: 28106142google scholar: lookup
          11. Fungwithaya P, Brikshavana P, Chanchaithong P, Prapasarakul N. Distribution of methicillin-resistant coagulase-positive staphylococci (MRCoPS) in a surgical unit and cystotomy operation sites in a veterinary teaching hospital. J Vet Med Sci 2017 Feb 28;79(2):359-365.
            doi: 10.1292/jvms.16-0146pubmed: 27990009google scholar: lookup
          12. Olofsson TC, Butler É, Lindholm C, Nilson B, Michanek P, Vásquez A. Fighting Off Wound Pathogens in Horses with Honeybee Lactic Acid Bacteria. Curr Microbiol 2016 Oct;73(4):463-73.
            doi: 10.1007/s00284-016-1080-2pubmed: 27324340google scholar: lookup
          13. López C, Alvarez ME, Carmona JU. Temporal Bacteriostatic Effect and Growth Factor Loss in Equine Platelet Components and Plasma Cultured with Methicillin-Sensitive and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: A Comparative In Vitro Study. Vet Med Int 2014;2014:525826.
            doi: 10.1155/2014/525826pubmed: 25506468google scholar: lookup
          14. Bergström K, Grönlund U. A pre- and post-intervention study of infection control in equine hospitals in Sweden. Acta Vet Scand 2014 Aug 22;56(1):52.
            doi: 10.1186/s13028-014-0052-4pubmed: 25146752google scholar: lookup
          15. van Balen J, Mowery J, Piraino-Sandoval M, Nava-Hoet RC, Kohn C, Hoet AE. Molecular epidemiology of environmental MRSA at an equine teaching hospital: introduction, circulation and maintenance. Vet Res 2014 Mar 19;45(1):31.
            doi: 10.1186/1297-9716-45-31pubmed: 24641543google scholar: lookup
          16. Bergström K, Nyman G, Widgren S, Johnston C, Grönlund-Andersson U, Ransjö U. Infection prevention and control interventions in the first outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in an equine hospital in Sweden. Acta Vet Scand 2012 Mar 8;54(1):14.
            doi: 10.1186/1751-0147-54-14pubmed: 22401493google scholar: lookup
          Subscribe to our newsletter
          Join 99,780 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.