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Equine veterinary journal2011; 44(4); 387-392; doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00472.x

The molecular epidemiology of equine influenza in Ireland from 2007-2010 and its international significance.

Abstract: Antigenic and genetic drift of equine influenza (EI) virus is monitored annually by the Expert Surveillance Panel (ESP), which make recommendations on the need to update vaccines. Surveillance programmes are essential for this process to operate effectively and to decrease the risk of disease spread through the international movement of subclinically infected vaccinated horses. Not only is surveillance necessary to inform vaccine companies which strains are in circulation, but it serves as an early warning system for horse owners, trainers and veterinary clinicians, facilitating the implementation of appropriate prophylactic and control measures. Objective: To summarise the genetic analysis of EI viruses detected in Ireland from June 2007 to January 2010. Methods: The HA1 gene of 18 viruses was sequenced and phylogenetic analysis undertaken. Results: All viruses belonged to the Florida sublineage of the American lineage. Clade 2 viruses predominated up to 2009. The viruses identified on 4 premises in 2007 displayed 100% nucleotide identity to A/eq/Richmond/1/07, the current clade 2 prototype. The first clade 1 virus was identified in November 2009 and, thereafter, clade 1 viruses were responsible for all the outbreaks identified. The Irish clade 1 viruses differ from the clade 1 virus responsible for the EI outbreaks in Japan and Australia in 2007. No virus of the Eurasian lineage was isolated during this surveillance period. Conclusions: In 2010 the ESP recommended that the vaccines should not include a H7N7 virus or a H3N8 virus of the Eurasian lineage but that they should contain both a clade 1 and clade 2 virus of the Florida sublineage. The surveillance data presented here support these recommendations and indicate that they are epidemiologically relevant. Conclusions: These data also serve as a scientific basis for investigating the source of epizootics and outbreaks both nationally and internationally.
© 2011 EVJ Ltd.
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Publication Date: 2011-10-06 PubMed ID: 21978127DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00472.xGoogle Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research investigated the genetic variation of equine influenza viruses in Ireland between 2007-2010, providing valuable information for local and global vaccine creation and prevention strategies.

Objective and Methodology

The primary goal of the study was to summarize the genetic analysis of equine influenza (EI) viruses found in Ireland from June 2007 to January 2010. The research aimed to discover how these viruses evolve, which influences their disease causing potential.

  • Eighteen viruses were examined. The HA1 gene of these viruses were sequenced and then undertook phylogenetic analysis, a method used to explore the evolutionary relationship between different species.

    • Results

    The researchers clarified important aspects of the genetic makeup and evolution of the EI viruses circulating in Ireland within the stated period.

    • All viruses studied were categorized under the Florida sublineage of the American lineage, signifying that they shared common evolutionary ancestors.
    • Up until 2009, Clade 2 viruses were predominant. These viruses were identical to the A/eq/Richmond/1/07 virus, the formal sample for Clade 2 at that time.
    • The first Clade 1 virus was identified in November 2009, after which Clade 1 became responsible for all subsequent outbreaks.
    • The Irish Clade 1 viruses differed from the Clade 1 viruses responsible for the EI outbreaks in Japan and Australia in 2007, denoting regional variations.
    • No virus of the Eurasian lineage was found during this surveillance period.

    Significance and Conclusions

    The ESP (Expert Surveillance Panel) utilizes this sort of crucial genetic surveillance data to create annual recommendations on updates needed for EI vaccines.

    • Based on the results of this research, the ESP recommended in 2010 that the vaccines should not include a H7N7 virus or a H3N8 virus of the Eurasian lineage.
    • Instead, they suggested vaccines should contain both a Clade 1 and Clade 2 virus from the Florida sublineage. The study fully supported these recommendations and proved their epidemiological relevance.
    • The information provided also forms a solid basis for studying the causes and sources of future EI epidemics and outbreaks on both a national and international scale.

    Cite This Article

    APA
    Gildea S, Quinlivan M, Arkins S, Cullinane A. (2011). The molecular epidemiology of equine influenza in Ireland from 2007-2010 and its international significance. Equine Vet J, 44(4), 387-392. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00472.x

    Publication

    Equine veterinary journal
    ISSN: 2042-3306
    NlmUniqueID: 0173320
    Country: United States
    Language: English
    Volume: 44
    Issue: 4
    Pages: 387-392

    Researcher Affiliations

    Gildea, S
    • Virology Unit, The Irish Equine Centre, Johnstown, Naas, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
    Quinlivan, M
      Arkins, S
        Cullinane, A

          MeSH Terms

          • Animals
          • Hemagglutinins / genetics
          • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
          • Horse Diseases / prevention & control
          • Horse Diseases / virology
          • Horses
          • Influenza A virus / classification
          • Influenza A virus / genetics
          • Influenza Vaccines / administration & dosage
          • Influenza Vaccines / immunology
          • Internationality
          • Ireland / epidemiology
          • Molecular Epidemiology
          • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / epidemiology
          • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / prevention & control
          • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / veterinary
          • Phylogeny
          • Time Factors

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