The potential impact of a single amino-acid substitution on the efficacy of equine influenza vaccines.
Abstract: The protection induced by an equine influenza (EI) vaccine strain depends on its antigenic relatedness to the challenge virus. Although the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) recommend that both Florida sublineage clade 1 (Fc1) and clade 2 (Fc2) viruses should be included in EI vaccines, Japanese EI vaccines have not, thus far, been updated to include a Fc2 virus. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of antibodies raised against Japanese EI vaccine strains in the neutralisation of recent Fc2 viruses. Methods: Antigenic analysis. Methods: Virus neutralisation tests were performed using antisera from experimentally infected horses and from horses that had received a primary course of the currently available vaccines. Results: Antiserum raised against the Japanese EI vaccine strain, A/equine/La Plata/1993, exhibited poor cross-neutralising activity against the Fc2 viruses isolated recently in Ireland and the UK, which have the substitution of alanine to valine at position 144 in antigenic site A of the haemagglutinin gene. In contrast, the antiserum exhibited good cross-neutralising activity against the Fc2 viruses without the substitution. This finding was supported in experiments with antisera collected from vaccinated horses. Conclusions: This suggests that the efficacy of the Japanese EI vaccine for some of the recent Fc2 viruses is suboptimal and that vaccines should be updated in accordance with the OIE recommendations.
© 2014 EVJ Ltd.
Publication Date: 2014-06-03 PubMed ID: 24773030DOI: 10.1111/evj.12290Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Journal Article
- Research Support
- Non-U.S. Gov't
Summary
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This research paper explores the effects of a single amino acid change on the efficacy of Japanese equine influenza vaccines against recent virus strains, suggesting the current vaccines may offer suboptimal protection and should be updated based on international recommendations.
Research Objective
- The main objective of this research was to examine the effectiveness of antibodies developed in reaction to Japanese equine influenza (EI) vaccine strains in neutralising more recent strains of the virus. It specifically focused on the Florida sublineage clade 2(Fc2) virus which is recommended for inclusion in the vaccine by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), but is not present in the current Japanese vaccine.
Research Methods
- The scientists used antigenic analysis and virus neutralisation tests for their study. The samples for these tests were derived from horse antisera – this refers to blood serum with antibodies obtained from horses that were either exposed to infection experimentally, or had received a primary vaccine course.
Results
- The research found that the antiserum created in response to the Japanese EI vaccine strain A/equine/La Plata/1993 demonstrated poor activity in neutralising the Fc2 viruses, especially those recently isolated in Ireland and the UK.
- Noteworthy was that these Fc2 viruses had undergone mutation, specifically a change of alanine to valine at position 144 in antigenic site A of the haemagglutinin gene.
- On the contrary, the antiserum exhibited good cross-neutralising activity against Fc2 viruses that had not undergone the substitution. This finding was also replicated in antisera gathered from horses that had been vaccinated.
Conclusion
- The research suggests that the Japanese EI vaccine may have limited efficacy against some new iterations of the Fc2 viruses due to a single amino-acid substitution in the haemagglutinin gene of these viruses.
- This study therefore concludes that there is a need for the Japanese EI vaccines to be updated in accordance with the OIE recommendations to specifically include a Fc2 virus for it to confer broad and effective protection.
Cite This Article
APA
Yamanaka T, Cullinane A, Gildea S, Bannai H, Nemoto M, Tsujimura K, Kondo T, Matsumura T.
(2014).
The potential impact of a single amino-acid substitution on the efficacy of equine influenza vaccines.
Equine Vet J, 47(4), 456-462.
https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.12290 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Japan.
- Virology Unit, Irish Equine Centre, Johnstown Naas Co., Kildare, Ireland.
- Virology Unit, Irish Equine Centre, Johnstown Naas Co., Kildare, Ireland.
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Japan.
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Japan.
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Japan.
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Japan.
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Japan.
MeSH Terms
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Animals
- Hemagglutinins, Viral / chemistry
- Hemagglutinins, Viral / genetics
- Hemagglutinins, Viral / metabolism
- Horse Diseases / prevention & control
- Horses
- Influenza Vaccines / immunology
- Molecular Sequence Annotation
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neutralization Tests / veterinary
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections / prevention & control
- Phylogeny
Citations
This article has been cited 10 times.- Nemoto M, Reedy SE, Yano T, Suzuki K, Fukuda S, Garvey M, Kambayashi Y, Bannai H, Tsujimura K, Yamanaka T, Cullinane A, Chambers TM. Antigenic comparison of H3N8 equine influenza viruses belonging to Florida sublineage clade 1 between vaccine strains and North American strains isolated in 2021-2022.. Arch Virol 2023 Feb 19;168(3):94.
- Oladunni FS, Oseni SO, Martinez-Sobrido L, Chambers TM. Equine Influenza Virus and Vaccines.. Viruses 2021 Aug 20;13(8).
- Miño S, Mojsiejczuk L, Guo W, Zhang H, Qi T, Du C, Zhang X, Wang J, Campos R, Wang X. Equine Influenza Virus in Asia: Phylogeographic Pattern and Molecular Features Reveal Circulation of an Autochthonous Lineage.. J Virol 2019 Jul 1;93(13).
- Singh RK, Dhama K, Karthik K, Khandia R, Munjal A, Khurana SK, Chakraborty S, Malik YS, Virmani N, Singh R, Tripathi BN, Munir M, van der Kolk JH. A Comprehensive Review on Equine Influenza Virus: Etiology, Epidemiology, Pathobiology, Advances in Developing Diagnostics, Vaccines, and Control Strategies.. Front Microbiol 2018;9:1941.
- Gildea S, Garvey M, Lyons P, Lyons R, Gahan J, Walsh C, Cullinane A. Multifocal Equine Influenza Outbreak with Vaccination Breakdown in Thoroughbred Racehorses.. Pathogens 2018 Apr 17;7(2).
- Yamanaka T, Nemoto M, Bannai H, Tsujimura K, Matsumura T, Kokado H, Gildea S, Cullinane A. Neutralization antibody response to booster/priming immunization with new equine influenza vaccine in Japan.. J Vet Med Sci 2018 Mar 2;80(2):382-386.
- Yamanaka T, Nemoto M, Bannai H, Tsujimura K, Kondo T, Matsumura T, Fu TQH, Fernandez CJ, Gildea S, Cullinane A. Rapid diagnosis of equine influenza by highly sensitive silver amplification immunochromatography system.. J Vet Med Sci 2017 Jun 16;79(6):1061-1063.
- Rash A, Morton R, Woodward A, Maes O, McCauley J, Bryant N, Elton D. Evolution and Divergence of H3N8 Equine Influenza Viruses Circulating in the United Kingdom from 2013 to 2015.. Pathogens 2017 Feb 8;6(1).
- Gamoh K, Nakamura S. Update of inactivated equine influenza vaccine strain in Japan.. J Vet Med Sci 2017 Mar 23;79(3):649-653.
- Yamanaka T, Nemoto M, Bannai H, Tsujimura K, Kondo T, Matsumura T, Gildea S, Cullinane A. Assessment of antigenic difference of equine influenza virus strains by challenge study in horses.. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2016 Nov;10(6):536-539.
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