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Journal of morphology2016; 277(7); 948-956; doi: 10.1002/jmor.20548

Trabecular bone of precocials at birth; Are they prepared to run for the wolf(f)?

Abstract: Bone is a dynamic tissue adapting to loading according to "Wolff's law of bone adaptation." During very early life, however, such a mechanism may not be adequate enough to adapt to the dramatic change in environmental challenges in precocial species. Their neonates are required to stand and walk within hours after birth, in contrast to altricial animals that have much more time to adapt from the intrauterine environment to the outside world. In this study, trabecular bone parameters of the talus and sagittal ridge of the tibia from stillborn but full-term precocials (calves and foals) were analyzed by micro-CT imaging in order to identify possible anticipatory mechanisms to loading. Calculated average bone volume fraction in the Shetland pony (49-74%) was significantly higher compared to Warmblood foals (28-51%). Bovine trabecular bone was characterized by a low average bone volume fraction (22-28%), however, more directional anisotropy was found. It is concluded that anticipatory strategies in skeletal development exist in precocial species, which differ per species and are most likely related to anatomical differences in joint geometry and related loading patterns. The underlying regulatory mechanisms are still unknown, but they may be based on a genetic blueprint for the development of bone. More knowledge, both about a possible blueprint and its regulation, will be helpful in understanding developmental bone and joint diseases. J. Morphol. 277:948-956, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Publication Date: 2016-04-20 PubMed ID: 27098190PubMed Central: PMC5111789DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20548Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This study investigates how the bones of newborn animals, which are required to stand and walk shortly after birth, adapt to their new environment in order to determine if there are any anticipatory mechanisms for dealing with load-bearing activities. Findings suggest that these animals employ species-specific anticipatory strategies in skeletal development, although the underlying mechanisms remain unidentified.

Objective of the Research

  • The main objective of this study was to determine how the bones of precocial animals (those that can stand and walk at birth) adapt to their dramatic environmental changes. The research aimed to identify any anticipatory mechanisms for load-bearing activities, which these animals need to undertake almost immediately after they are born. This was done by analyzing the trabecular bone parameters (the spongy interior of bones) of full-term but stillborn calves and foals.

Methodology

  • Micro-CT imaging was used to analyse the trabecular bone parameters of the talus (ankle bone) and sagittal ridge of the tibia (lower leg bone) in these precocial animals.
  • The researchers also calculated the average bone volume fraction to compare between Shetland pony foals, Warmblood foals, and bovines (cattle).

Findings

  • The study found that the average bone volume fraction in Shetland pony foals is significantly higher compared to that in Warmblood foals.
  • The bovine trabecular bone had a low average bone volume fraction but exhibited more directional anisotropy, which means their bones had more variation in structural properties depending on direction.
  • The research concluded that anticipatory strategies in skeletal development do exist in precocial species, but these strategies differ per species and are most likely related to the anatomical differences in joint geometry and specific loading patterns.

Implications

  • While the study identified that these developmental strategies exist, it also acknowledged that the underlying regulatory mechanisms that govern these adaptations are still unknown.
  • The researchers suggested these may be based on a genomic blueprint for the development of bone.
  • The research highlights the need for further understanding about this possible blueprint and its regulation, which could be useful in further understanding developmental bone and joint diseases.

Cite This Article

APA
Gorissen BM, Wolschrijn CF, van Vilsteren AA, van Rietbergen B, van Weeren PR. (2016). Trabecular bone of precocials at birth; Are they prepared to run for the wolf(f)? J Morphol, 277(7), 948-956. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.20548

Publication

Journal of morphology
ISSN: 1097-4687
NlmUniqueID: 0406125
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 277
Issue: 7
Pages: 948-956

Researcher Affiliations

Gorissen, Ben M C
  • Department of Pathobiology, Anatomy and Physiology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Wolschrijn, Claudia F
  • Department of Pathobiology, Anatomy and Physiology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
van Vilsteren, Anouk A M
  • Department of Animal Sciences, Human and Animal Physiology Division, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
van Rietbergen, Bert
  • Department of Biomedical Engineering, Orthopedic Biomechanics Division, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
van Weeren, P René
  • Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.

MeSH Terms

  • Adaptation, Physiological
  • Animals
  • Animals, Newborn
  • Cancellous Bone / anatomy & histology
  • Cancellous Bone / embryology
  • Cattle / anatomy & histology
  • Cattle / embryology
  • Horses / anatomy & histology
  • Horses / embryology
  • Models, Biological
  • Running

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