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BMC genomics2009; 10; 638; doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-638

Transcriptional adaptations following exercise in thoroughbred horse skeletal muscle highlights molecular mechanisms that lead to muscle hypertrophy.

Abstract: Selection for exercise-adapted phenotypes in the Thoroughbred racehorse has provided a valuable model system to understand molecular responses to exercise in skeletal muscle. Exercise stimulates immediate early molecular responses as well as delayed responses during recovery, resulting in a return to homeostasis and enabling long term adaptation. Global mRNA expression during the immediate-response period has not previously been reported in skeletal muscle following exercise in any species. Also, global gene expression changes in equine skeletal muscle following exercise have not been reported. Therefore, to identify novel genes and key regulatory pathways responsible for exercise adaptation we have used equine-specific cDNA microarrays to examine global mRNA expression in skeletal muscle from a cohort of Thoroughbred horses (n = 8) at three time points (before exercise, immediately post-exercise, and four hours post-exercise) following a single bout of treadmill exercise. Results: Skeletal muscle biopsies were taken from the gluteus medius before (T(0)), immediately after (T(1)) and four hours after (T(2)) exercise. Statistically significant differences in mRNA abundance between time points (T(0) vs T(1) and T(0) vs T(2)) were determined using the empirical Bayes moderated t-test in the Bioconductor package Linear Models for Microarray Data (LIMMA) and the expression of a select panel of genes was validated using real time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). While only two genes had increased expression at T(1) (P < 0.05), by T(2) 932 genes had increased (P < 0.05) and 562 genes had decreased expression (P < 0.05). Functional analysis of genes differentially expressed during the recovery phase (T(2)) revealed an over-representation of genes localized to the actin cytoskeleton and with functions in the MAPK signalling, focal adhesion, insulin signalling, mTOR signaling, p53 signaling and Type II diabetes mellitus pathways. At T(1), using a less stringent statistical approach, we observed an over-representation of genes involved in the stress response, metabolism and intracellular signaling. These findings suggest that protein synthesis, mechanosensation and muscle remodeling contribute to skeletal muscle adaptation towards improved integrity and hypertrophy. Conclusions: This is the first study to characterize global mRNA expression profiles in equine skeletal muscle using an equine-specific microarray platform. Here we reveal novel genes and mechanisms that are temporally expressed following exercise providing new knowledge about the early and late molecular responses to exercise in the equine skeletal muscle transcriptome.
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Publication Date: 2009-12-30 PubMed ID: 20042072PubMed Central: PMC2812474DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-638Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The study explores how exercise affects the genetic activity within the skeletal muscle of thoroughbred horses. It identifies the genes and processes that contribute to the skeletal muscle’s adaptation to exercise.

Research Method

  • The researchers set out to understand the genetic changes resulting from exercise in the skeletal muscle. They noted that while it is known that exercise stimulates both immediate and delayed molecular responses, the global gene expression changes in skeletal muscle following exercise had not been fully documented.
  • They used equine-specific cDNA microarrays to examine global mRNA expression in the skeletal muscle of a group of thoroughbred horses (n=8) before, immediately after and four hours after treadmill exercise.
  • By comparing mRNA abundance at different time points, they could identify which genes had increased or decreased expression as a reaction to the exercise.
  • This abundance was measured via a statistical analysis known as the empirical Bayes moderated t-test in the Bioconductor package Linear Models for Microarray Data (LIMMA), with further validation through real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR).

Findings

  • They found that while only two genes had increased expression immediately post-exercise (T1), 932 genes had increased and 562 genes had decreased expression four hours post-exercise (T2).
  • Many of the genes with changed expression four hours after the exercise were localized to the actin cytoskeleton and had functions in specific pathways like MAPK signalling, focal adhesion, insulin signalling, mTOR signaling, p53 signalling, and Type II diabetes mellitus.
  • Immediately post-exercise, they noted an overrepresentation of genes involved in stress response, metabolism, and intracellular signalling.
  • The researchers suggest that protein synthesis, mechanosensation (the ability to feel mechanical forces), and muscle remodelling all contribute to skeletal muscle adaptation towards improved integrity and muscle growth or hypertrophy.

Conclusions and Significance

  • This research provides the first global mRNA expression profiles in equine skeletal muscle using an equine-specific microarray platform.
  • The findings reveal novel genes and mechanisms that are temporally expressed following exercise, broadening understanding of the genetic response to exercise in skeletal muscles.
  • Such insights might not only aid our understanding of muscle development and training in racehorses, but could potentially contribute to knowledge in human exercise physiology and treatment of muscle-related diseases.

Cite This Article

APA
McGivney BA, Eivers SS, MacHugh DE, MacLeod JN, O'Gorman GM, Park SD, Katz LM, Hill EW. (2009). Transcriptional adaptations following exercise in thoroughbred horse skeletal muscle highlights molecular mechanisms that lead to muscle hypertrophy. BMC Genomics, 10, 638. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-10-638

Publication

BMC genomics
ISSN: 1471-2164
NlmUniqueID: 100965258
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 10
Pages: 638

Researcher Affiliations

McGivney, Beatrice A
  • Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, UCD College of Life Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland. Beatrice.McGivney@ucd.ie
Eivers, Suzanne S
    MacHugh, David E
      MacLeod, James N
        O'Gorman, Grace M
          Park, Stephen D E
            Katz, Lisa M
              Hill, Emmeline W

                MeSH Terms

                • Animals
                • Blotting, Western
                • Horses
                • Hypertrophy / metabolism
                • Hypertrophy / pathology
                • Muscle, Skeletal / metabolism
                • Muscle, Skeletal / pathology
                • Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
                • Physical Conditioning, Animal / physiology
                • Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
                • Transcription, Genetic / genetics

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