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Home / Equine Research Bank / PLoS Pathog / Transmission of equine influenza virus during an outbreak is...
PLoS pathogens2012; 8(12); e1003081; doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003081

Transmission of equine influenza virus during an outbreak is characterized by frequent mixed infections and loose transmission bottlenecks.

Abstract: The ability of influenza A viruses (IAVs) to cross species barriers and evade host immunity is a major public health concern. Studies on the phylodynamics of IAVs across different scales - from the individual to the population - are essential for devising effective measures to predict, prevent or contain influenza emergence. Understanding how IAVs spread and evolve during outbreaks is critical for the management of epidemics. Reconstructing the transmission network during a single outbreak by sampling viral genetic data in time and space can generate insights about these processes. Here, we obtained intra-host viral sequence data from horses infected with equine influenza virus (EIV) to reconstruct the spread of EIV during a large outbreak. To this end, we analyzed within-host viral populations from sequences covering 90% of the infected yards. By combining gene sequence analyses with epidemiological data, we inferred a plausible transmission network, in turn enabling the comparison of transmission patterns during the course of the outbreak and revealing important epidemiological features that were not apparent using either approach alone. The EIV populations displayed high levels of genetic diversity, and in many cases we observed distinct viral populations containing a dominant variant and a number of related minor variants that were transmitted between infectious horses. In addition, we found evidence of frequent mixed infections and loose transmission bottlenecks in these naturally occurring populations. These frequent mixed infections likely influence the size of epidemics.
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Publication Date: 2012-12-20 PubMed ID: 23308065PubMed Central: PMC3534375DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003081Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research focuses on the transmission and evolution of the influenza A virus (IAV), particularly the equine influenza virus (EIV), during an outbreak. This study emphasizes the amount of genetic diversity within the virus, the presence of mixed infections, and the impact of loose transmission bottlenecks on disease spread.

Understanding the Influenza A Virus (IAV)

  • This study was critical to understanding how IAVs cross species barriers and evolve, key factors in predicting, preventing or containing influenza outbreaks.
  • The focus of this research was the equine influenza virus (EIV), a subtype of IAV that affects horses.
  • Through the evaluation of IAVs at multiple scales, from individual hosts to entire populations, the researchers aimed to better comprehend outbreak management strategies.

Reconstructing the Transmission Network

  • The researchers used intra-host viral sequence data obtained from infected horses to create an image of how the EIV spread during a large outbreak.
  • They included viral sequence data from 90% of the infected yards, offering a broad view of the outbreak.
  • By integrating this genetic information with epidemiological data, a probable transmission network was developed that helped compare transmission patterns during the outbreak and revealed key epidemiological features that may not have been identifiable through either method alone.

Frequent Mixed Infections and Loose Transmission Bottlenecks

  • The EIV populations demonstrated high levels of genetic diversity. The researchers typically observed distinct viral populations in each host, each with a dominant variant and several related minor variants.
  • This study provided evidence of frequent mixed infections. That means multiple distinct strains of the virus were present in a single host.
  • Loose transmission bottlenecks were also found, which refers to a larger number of viral strains being able to pass from one individual to another during transmission.
  • This situation potentially influences the size and severity of an outbreak because more genetic variety means greater potential for the virus to adapt, survive, and spread.

Cite This Article

APA
Hughes J, Allen RC, Baguelin M, Hampson K, Baillie GJ, Elton D, Newton JR, Kellam P, Wood JL, Holmes EC, Murcia PR. (2012). Transmission of equine influenza virus during an outbreak is characterized by frequent mixed infections and loose transmission bottlenecks. PLoS Pathog, 8(12), e1003081. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1003081

Publication

PLoS pathogens
ISSN: 1553-7374
NlmUniqueID: 101238921
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 8
Issue: 12
Pages: e1003081
PII: e1003081

Researcher Affiliations

Hughes, Joseph
  • Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Allen, Richard C
    Baguelin, Marc
      Hampson, Katie
        Baillie, Gregory J
          Elton, Debra
            Newton, J Richard
              Kellam, Paul
                Wood, James L N
                  Holmes, Edward C
                    Murcia, Pablo R

                      MeSH Terms

                      • Animals
                      • Coinfection / epidemiology
                      • Coinfection / genetics
                      • Coinfection / transmission
                      • Disease Outbreaks
                      • Genetic Variation
                      • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
                      • Horse Diseases / genetics
                      • Horse Diseases / transmission
                      • Horses
                      • Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype / genetics
                      • Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype / immunology
                      • Nasal Mucosa / virology
                      • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / epidemiology
                      • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / genetics
                      • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / transmission
                      • RNA, Viral / genetics
                      • Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
                      • Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction

                      Grant Funding

                      • G0901135 / Medical Research Council
                      • 2 R01 GM080533-06 / NIGMS NIH HHS
                      • R01 GM080533 / NIGMS NIH HHS
                      • G0801822 / Medical Research Council
                      • Wellcome Trust

                      Conflict of Interest Statement

                      The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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