True stress and Poisson’s ratio of tendons during loading.
Abstract: Excessive axial tension is very likely involved in the aetiology of tendon lesions, and the most appropriate indicator of tendon stress state is the true stress, the ratio of instantaneous load to instantaneous cross-sectional area (CSA). Difficulties to measure tendon CSA during tension often led to approximate true stress by assuming that CSA is constant during loading (i.e. by the engineering stress) or that tendon is incompressible, implying a Poisson's ratio of 0.5, although these hypotheses have never been tested. The objective of this study was to measure tendon CSA variation during quasi-static tensile loading, in order to assess the true stress to which the tendon is subjected and its Poisson's ratio. Eight equine superficial digital flexor tendons (SDFT, about 30cm long) were tested in tension until failure while the CSA of each tendon was measured in its metacarpal part by means of a linear laser scanner. Axial elongation and load were synchronously recorded during the test. CSA was found to linearly decrease with strain, with a mean decrease at failure of -10.7±2.8% (mean±standard deviation). True stress at failure was 7.1-13.6% higher than engineering stress, while stress estimation under the hypothesis of incompressibility differed from true stress of -6.6 to 2.3%. Average Poisson's ratio was 0.55±0.12 and did not significantly vary with load. From these results on equine SDFT it was demonstrated that tendon in axial quasi-static tension can be considered, at first approximation, as an incompressible material.
Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Publication Date: 2010-11-26 PubMed ID: 21112587DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.10.038Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
- Journal Article
- Research Support
- Non-U.S. Gov't
Summary
This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.
The research article is a study conducted to understand and measure the changes in the cross-sectional area (CSA) of tendons under tensile load, in order to accurately determine the ‘true stress’ that tendons experience, as well as their Poisson’s ratio.
Objective of The Study
- The main objective of the research was to ascertain the true stress experienced by tendons during tensile loading by measuring their CSA variation. Simultaneously, the investigators tried to evaluate the Poisson’s ratio of tendons.
Methodology
- The study involved testing eight equine superficial digital flexor tendons (SDFT) that were approximately 30 cm long.
- These tendons were put under tension until they were unable to bear the load. The consequent reduction in their CSA was measured by a linear laser scanner.
- The elongation of the tendons under load and the applied load itself were recorded at the same time. It was found that the CSA of the tendons decreased linearly as the strain on them increased.
Results and Observations
- The mean decrease in CSA at the time of tendon failure was -10.7±2.8%.
- The ‘true stress’ experienced by the tendons at failure was found to be between 7.1 to 13.6% higher than the ‘engineering stress’, which is normally an approximation used when it’s difficult to measure CSA.
- The estimated stress under the assumption of incompressibility of tendons differed from true stress by -6.6 to 2.3%.
- The average Poisson’s ratio was calculated as 0.55±0.12 and was found to not vary significantly with the load.
Conclusion
- The study concluded that at a basic level, tendon under axial quasi-static tension can be treated as incompressible material.
- This conclusion changes prior understandings where simplified models and hypotheses had to be utilized due to the difficulty in measuring CSA during tension.
Cite This Article
APA
Vergari C, Pourcelot P, Holden L, Ravary-Plumioën B, Gerard G, Laugier P, Mitton D, Crevier-Denoix N.
(2010).
True stress and Poisson’s ratio of tendons during loading.
J Biomech, 44(4), 719-724.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.10.038 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- USC INRA-ENVA, Biomécanique et Pathologie Locomotrice du Cheval, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 7 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France. c.vergari@gmail.com
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Compressive Strength / physiology
- Computer Simulation
- Horses
- Models, Biological
- Stress, Mechanical
- Tendons / physiology
- Tensile Strength / physiology
- Weight-Bearing / physiology
Citations
This article has been cited 16 times.- Lee MH, Tsai HP, Lavy C, Mouthuy PA, Czernuszka J. Time-dependent extracellular matrix alterations of young tendons in response to stress relaxation: a model for the Ponseti method.. J R Soc Interface 2023 May;20(202):20220712.
- Chen W, Tang J, Shen W, Zhou Q. Influence of walking on knee ligament response in car-to-pedestrian collisions.. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023;11:1141390.
- Orozco GA, Ristaniemi A, Haghighatnejad M, Mohammadi A, Finnilä MAJ, Saarakkala S, Herzog W, Isaksson H, Korhonen RK. Adaptation of Fibril-Reinforced Poroviscoelastic Properties in Rabbit Collateral Ligaments 8 Weeks After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Transection.. Ann Biomed Eng 2023 Apr;51(4):726-740.
- Manalili D, Berardi M, Aardema H, Asimaki K, Sarmiento R, Imran Akca B. Parallel-plate compression test for soft materials: confocal microscopy-assisted ferrule-top nanoindentation.. Biomed Opt Express 2022 Feb 1;13(2):824-837.
- Smart RR, O'Connor B, Jakobi JM. Resting Tendon Cross-Sectional Area Underestimates Biceps Brachii Tendon Stress: Importance of Measuring During a Contraction.. Front Physiol 2021;12:654231.
- Ristaniemi A, Regmi D, Mondal D, Torniainen J, Tanska P, Stenroth L, Finnilä MAJ, Töyräs J, Korhonen RK. Structure, composition and fibril-reinforced poroviscoelastic properties of bovine knee ligaments and patellar tendon.. J R Soc Interface 2021 Jan;18(174):20200737.
- Ge XJ, Zhang L, Xiang G, Hu YC, Lun DX. Cross-Sectional Area Measurement Techniques of Soft Tissue: A Literature Review.. Orthop Surg 2020 Dec;12(6):1547-1566.
- Akintunde AR, Miller KS, Schiavazzi DE. Bayesian inference of constitutive model parameters from uncertain uniaxial experiments on murine tendons.. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2019 Aug;96:285-300.
- Skorina EH, Luo M, Oo WY, Tao W, Chen F, Youssefian S, Rahbar N, Onal CD. Reverse pneumatic artificial muscles (rPAMs): Modeling, integration, and control.. PLoS One 2018;13(10):e0204637.
- Akintunde AR, Miller KS. Evaluation of microstructurally motivated constitutive models to describe age-dependent tendon healing.. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2018 Jun;17(3):793-814.
- Chimenti RL, Flemister AS, Ketz J, Bucklin M, Buckley MR, Richards MS. Ultrasound strain mapping of Achilles tendon compressive strain patterns during dorsiflexion.. J Biomech 2016 Jan 4;49(1):39-44.
- Tellez-Segura R. Involvement of Mechanical Stress in Androgenetic Alopecia.. Int J Trichology 2015 Jul-Sep;7(3):95-9.
- Kondratko-Mittnacht J, Duenwald-Kuehl S, Lakes R, Vanderby R Jr. Shear load transfer in high and low stress tendons.. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2015 May;45:109-20.
- Herbert RD, Héroux ME, Diong J, Bilston LE, Gandevia SC, Lichtwark GA. Changes in the length and three-dimensional orientation of muscle fascicles and aponeuroses with passive length changes in human gastrocnemius muscles.. J Physiol 2015 Jan 15;593(2):441-55.
- Kim H, Yoo L, Shin A, Demer JL. Determination of poisson ratio of bovine extraocular muscle by computed X-ray tomography.. Biomed Res Int 2013;2013:197479.
- Chernak LA, Thelen DG. Tendon motion and strain patterns evaluated with two-dimensional ultrasound elastography.. J Biomech 2012 Oct 11;45(15):2618-23.
Use Nutrition Calculator
Check if your horse's diet meets their nutrition requirements with our easy-to-use tool Check your horse's diet with our easy-to-use tool
Talk to a Nutritionist
Discuss your horse's feeding plan with our experts over a free phone consultation Discuss your horse's diet over a phone consultation
Submit Diet Evaluation
Get a customized feeding plan for your horse formulated by our equine nutritionists Get a custom feeding plan formulated by our nutritionists
