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Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association1982; 180(3); 284-288;

Urinary indices for differentiation of prerenal azotemia and renal azotemia in horses.

Abstract: The urine urea nitrogen/plasma urea nitrogen ratio (Uun/Pun), urine creatinine/plasma creatinine ratio (Ucr/Pcr), urine osmolality/plasma osmolality ratio (Uosm/Posm), and fractional excretion of filtered sodium (FENa) were evaluated in 16 horses with acute azotemia to ascertain the significance of each index in the differentiation of prerenal azotemia from renal azotemia. Renal azotemia was diagnosed when renal biopsy or postmortem histologic examination demonstrated evidence of organic renal disease or when azotemia was found in the presence of isosthenuria. The diagnosis of prerenal azotemia was based on the absence of renal histologic lesions or stabilization of blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine soon after therapy. In 10 horses with renal azotemia, Uun/Pun was 2.1-14.3, Ucr/Pcr was 2.6-37.0, Uosm/Posm was 0.8-1.7, and FENa was 0.08-10.0. In 6 horses with prerenal azotemia, Uun/Pun was 15.2-43.7, Ucr/Pcr was 51.2-241.5, Uosm/Posm was 1.7-3.4, and FENa was 0.02-0.50. The values for each of these indices differed significantly between the 2 groups of horses (P less than 0.05). It was concluded that these indices were of value in the early classification of renal failure in the horse and that this information could be utilized in planning of therapy of acute azotemia in the horse.
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Publication Date: 1982-02-01 PubMed ID: 7056677
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This study analyzed urinary biomarkers in horses to distinguish between azotemia caused by pre-renal conditions and that resulting from renal diseases. It revealed significant differences in the levels of these biomarkers between the two causes of azotemia, suggesting their potential utility in early diagnosis and management strategy planning for acute azotemia in horses.

Objective of the Study

  • The aim of this research was to examine the importance of certain urinary indices – the urine urea nitrogen/plasma urea nitrogen ratio (Uun/Pun), urine creatinine/plasma creatinine ratio (Ucr/Pcr), urine osmolality/plasma osmolality ratio (Uosm/Posm), and fractional excretion of filtered sodium (FENa) – in differentiating between prerenal azotemia and renal azotemia in horses with acute azotemia.

Methodology

  • The study involved a total of 16 horses that were diagnosed with acute azotemia.
  • Renal azotemia was diagnosed when evidence of organic renal disease was demonstrated through renal biopsy or postmortem histologic examination, or when azotemia was found in the presence of isosthenuria (urine concentration matching normal plasma).
  • Prerenal azotemia was diagnosed based on the absence of renal histologic lesions or the stabilization of blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine soon after therapy.
  • Various urinary indices, including Uun/Pun, Ucr/Pcr, Uosm/Posm, and FENa were evaluated in these horses.

Findings

  • Among the 10 horses with renal azotemia, the Uun/Pun values ranged from 2.1-14.3, the Ucr/Pcr values varied from 2.6-37.0, the Uosm/Posm ranged between 0.8-1.7, and FENa was between 0.08-10.0.
  • In the 6 horses diagnosed with prerenal azotemia, Uun/Pun was 15.2-43.7, Ucr/Pcr was 51.2-241.5, Uosm/Posm was 1.7-3.4, and FENa was 0.02-0.50.
  • There were significant differences (P less than 0.05) in all these indices between the two groups of horses.

Conclusion

  • The findings suggest that these urinary indices can be valuable in the early classification of renal failure in horses.
  • The results can assist in the planning of therapeutical strategies for acute azotemia in horses.

Cite This Article

APA
Grossman BS, Brobst DF, Kramer JW, Bayly WM, Reed SM. (1982). Urinary indices for differentiation of prerenal azotemia and renal azotemia in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 180(3), 284-288.

Publication

Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
ISSN: 0003-1488
NlmUniqueID: 7503067
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 180
Issue: 3
Pages: 284-288

Researcher Affiliations

Grossman, B S
    Brobst, D F
      Kramer, J W
        Bayly, W M
          Reed, S M

            MeSH Terms

            • Acute Kidney Injury / blood
            • Acute Kidney Injury / veterinary
            • Animals
            • Horse Diseases / blood
            • Horse Diseases / urine
            • Horses
            • Uremia / blood
            • Uremia / urine
            • Uremia / veterinary

            Citations

            This article has been cited 6 times.
            1. Frączkowska K, Trzebuniak Z, Żak A, Siwińska N. Measurement of Selected Renal Biochemical Parameters in Healthy Adult Donkeys Considering the Influence of Gender, Age and Blood Freezing. Animals (Basel) 2021 Jun 11;11(6).
              doi: 10.3390/ani11061748pubmed: 34208098google scholar: lookup
            2. Siwinska N, Zak A, Paslawska U. Detecting acute kidney injury in horses by measuring the concentration of symmetric dimethylarginine in serum. Acta Vet Scand 2021 Jan 15;63(1):3.
              doi: 10.1186/s13028-021-00568-0pubmed: 33446216google scholar: lookup
            3. Siwinska N, Zak A, Slowikowska M, Niedzwiedz A, Paslawska U. Serum symmetric dimethylarginine concentration in healthy horses and horses with acute kidney injury. BMC Vet Res 2020 Oct 20;16(1):396.
              doi: 10.1186/s12917-020-02621-ypubmed: 33081772google scholar: lookup
            4. el-Ashker MR. Acute kidney injury mediated by oxidative stress in Egyptian horses with exertional rhabdomyolysis. Vet Res Commun 2011 Jun;35(5):311-20.
              doi: 10.1007/s11259-011-9475-9pubmed: 21461642google scholar: lookup
            5. Sprayberry KA, Madigan J, LeCouteur RA, Valentine BA. Renal failure, laminitis, and colitis following severe rhabdomyolysis in a draft horse-cross with polysaccharide storage myopathy. Can Vet J 1998 Aug;39(8):500-3.
              pubmed: 9711389
            6. Cohen ND, Roussel AJ, Lumsden JH, Cohen AC, Grift E, Lewis C. Alterations of fluid and electrolyte balance in thoroughbred racehorses following strenuous exercise during training. Can J Vet Res 1993 Jan;57(1):9-13.
              pubmed: 8431806
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