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Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)2023; 12(2); 192; doi: 10.3390/pathogens12020192

Voluntary Surveillance Program for Equine Influenza Virus in the United States during 2008-2021.

Abstract: A voluntary upper respiratory biosurveillance program in the USA received 9740 nasal swab submissions during the years 2008-2021 from 333 veterinarians and veterinary clinics. The nasal swabs were submitted for qPCR testing for six common upper respiratory pathogens:equine influenza virus (EIV), equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1), equine herpesvirus-4 (EHV-4), subspecies (), equine rhinitis A virus (ERAV), and equine rhinitis B virus (ERBV). Additional testing was performed for equine gamma herpesvirus-2 (EHV-2) and equine gamma herpesvirus-5 (EHV-5) and the results are reported. Basic frequency statistics and multivariate logistic regression models were utilized to determine the associations between risk factors and EIV positivity. The EIV qPCR-positivity rate was 9.9%. Equids less than 9 years of age with a recent history of travel and seasonal occurrence in winter and spring were the most common population that were qPCR positive for EIV. This ongoing biosurveillance program emphasizes the need for molecular testing for pathogen identification, which is critical for decisions associated with therapeutics and biosecurity intervention for health management and vaccine evaluations and development.
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Publication Date: 2023-01-27 PubMed ID: 36839464PubMed Central: PMC9961984DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020192Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research examined the results of a voluntary equine influenza virus surveillance program in the USA from 2008 to 2021, where almost 10,000 nasal swabs were collected from horses and tested for various common upper respiratory pathogens to assess risk factors associated with EIV.

Overview of the Research Program

  • The research was conducted as part of a voluntary upper respiratory biosurveillance program in the United States, spanning from 2008 to 2021.
  • Through this program, 9740 nasal swab samples were collected from horses by 333 different veterinarians and veterinary clinics.
  • The collected nasal swabs were tested for six common upper respiratory pathogens in horses using qPCR testing. These pathogens included equine influenza virus (EIV), equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1), equine herpesvirus-2 (EHV-2), an unidentified subspecies, equine rhinitis A virus (ERAV), and equine rhinitis B virus (ERBV).

Testing and Analysis of Results

  • Further testing was conducted on the samples for equine gamma herpesvirus-2 (EHV-2) and equine gamma herpesvirus-5 (EHV-5), with the results noted in the study.
  • The researchers used basic frequency statistics and multivariate logistic regression models to identify any links between various risk factors and EIV positivity in the tested samples.
  • Out of all the tested samples, 9.9% tested positive for EIV.

Findings Regarding EIV Risks

  • Young horses aged less than nine years with a recent travel history were the most common population found positive for EIV.
  • The virus was also found to commonly occur during winter and spring seasons.

Implications and Conclusions

  • This study highlights the importance of ongoing biosurveillance programs like this one to monitor the spread and prevalence of various diseases in animals.
  • Such programs are crucial as they allow for molecular testing to identify pathogens, essential for determining the appropriate therapeutic and biosecurity interventions.
  • The results also help in evaluating and developing vaccines suitable for managing these diseases.

Cite This Article

APA
Chappell DE, Barnett DC, James K, Craig B, Bain F, Gaughan E, Schneider C, Vaala W, Barnum SM, Pusterla N. (2023). Voluntary Surveillance Program for Equine Influenza Virus in the United States during 2008-2021. Pathogens, 12(2), 192. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12020192

Publication

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)
ISSN: 2076-0817
NlmUniqueID: 101596317
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 12
Issue: 2
PII: 192

Researcher Affiliations

Chappell, Duane E
  • Merck Animal Health, Madison, NJ 07940, USA.
Barnett, D Craig
  • Merck Animal Health, Madison, NJ 07940, USA.
James, Kaitlyn
  • Merck Animal Health, Madison, NJ 07940, USA.
Craig, Bryant
  • Merck Animal Health, Madison, NJ 07940, USA.
Bain, Fairfield
  • Merck Animal Health, Madison, NJ 07940, USA.
Gaughan, Earl
  • Merck Animal Health, Madison, NJ 07940, USA.
Schneider, Chrissie
  • Merck Animal Health, Madison, NJ 07940, USA.
Vaala, Wendy
  • Merck Animal Health, Madison, NJ 07940, USA.
Barnum, Samantha M
  • Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
Pusterla, Nicola
  • Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.

Conflict of Interest Statement

N.P., K.J. and S.B. declare no conflict of interest. D.E.C., D.C.B., B.C., F.B., E.G., C.S. and W.V. currently work for or did work for Merck Animal Health at the time this data were collected.

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Citations

This article has been cited 1 times.
  1. Wasik BR, Rothschild E, Voorhees IEH, Reedy SE, Murcia PR, Pusterla N, Chambers TM, Goodman LB, Holmes EC, Kile JC, Parrish CR. Understanding the divergent evolution and epidemiology of H3N8 influenza viruses in dogs and horses.. Virus Evol 2023;9(2):vead052.
    doi: 10.1093/ve/vead052pubmed: 37692894google scholar: lookup
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