Omneity® Pellets
All-In-One Vitamin & Mineral Pellet
American journal of veterinary research.
Publisher:
American Veterinary Medical Assn.. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association
Frequency: Monthly
Country: United States
Language: English
Author(s):
American Veterinary Medical Association.
Start Year:1940 -
Identifiers
| ISSN: | 0002-9645 (Print) 1943-5681 (Electronic) 0002-9645 (Linking) |
| NLM ID: | 0375011 |
| (DNLM): | A25065000(s) |
| (OCoLC): | 01480202 |
| Coden: | AJVRAH |
| LCCN: | 42050041 |
| Classification: | W1 AM53 |
Effects of intraluminal distention and decompression on microvascular permeability and hemodynamics of the equine jejunum. To determine whether intraluminal distention and subsequent decompression of the equine jejunum affects intestinal blood flow, hemodynamics, and microvascular permeability. Methods: 5 healthy adu t horses. Methods: Horses were anesthestized and underwent exploratory laparotomy. Two jejunal segments were identified as sham-operated or instrumented segments. After baseline values were obtained, intraluminal distention was created in the experimental segment to induce an ntraluminal pressure of 18 cm H2O. After 120 minutes of distention, the intestine was decompressed for 120 minutes. Mesenteric ...
Evaluation of an in-shoe pressure measurement system in horses. To develop an objective, accurate method for quantifying forelimb ground reaction forces in horses by adapting a human in-shoe pressure measurement system and determine the reliability of the system for shod and unshod horses. Methods: 6 adult Thoroughbreds. Methods: Horses were instrumented with a human in-shoe pressure measurement system and evaluated at a trot (3 m/s) on a motorized treadmill. Maximum force, stance time, and peak contact area were evaluated for shod and unshod horses. Three trials were performed for shod and unshod horses, and differences in the measured values were examine...
Prevalence and prognostic importance of hypomagnesemia and hypocalcemia in horses that have colic surgery. To determine the prevalence of hypomagnesemia and hypocalcemia in horses with surgical colic. Methods: 35 horses with surgically managed colic. Methods: Serum concentrations of total magnesium (tMg2+) and calcium (tCa2+), as well as ionized magnesium (iMg2+) and calcium (iCa2+) were analyzed before surgery and 1, 3, 5, and 7 days following surgery. A lead-II ECG and pertinent clinical data were also obtained at each time. Results: Preoperative serum tMg2+ and iMg2+ concentrations were below the reference range in 6 (17%) and 19 (54%) horses, respectively. Serum concentrations of tCa2+ and iCa2...
In vitro pharmacologic effect of two endothelin-1 antagonists on equine colonic arteries and veins. To evaluate the effectiveness of 2 potential endothelin (ET)-1 antagonists in blocking the contractile responses of equine colonic vessels to increasing concentrations of ET-1. Methods: Mesenteric vessels from 6 clinically healthy horses. Methods: Colonic vessels (arterial and venous rings) were placed in organ baths with oxygenated Tyrode solution at 37 C. Each was attached to a force transducer interfaced with a polygraph, and 2 g of tension was applied and equilibrated for 45 minutes. Then, B-1 (PD 142893) and B-2 (PD 145065) ET-1 antagonists were tested. One ring from each vessel type was ...
Locomotor characteristics of horses with navicular disease. To determine whether force-plate evaluation of horses with navicular disease would reveal an abnormal gait that persists despite loss of sensation to the palmar foot region, which may predispose such horses to navicular disease. Methods: 17 clinically normal Thoroughbreds and 8 Thoroughbreds with navicular disease. Methods: Data on ground reaction forces were obtained in trotting horses, using a force plate. Force-time curve variables for clinically normal horses were derived from 4 points at the beginning and 4 points at the end of the vertical and craniocaudal horizontal plots. Principal com...
Characterization of cultured smooth muscle cells obtained from the palmar digital arteries of horses. To develop methods to isolate, culture, and characterize smooth muscle cells (SMC) from equine palmar digital arteries. Methods: Segments of the medial or lateral palmar digital arteries from the forelimbs of 6 horses. Methods: To obtain smooth muscle explants, arterial segments were incised longitudinally. The tunica intima was gently scraped from the underlying tunica media, and explants were obtained from the tunica media. Approximately 18 to 24 explants were obtained from each palmar digital arterial segment. A substrate-attached technique was used to initiate primary culture of SMCCulture...
In vitro comparison of transfixation and standard full-limb casts for prevention of displacement of a mid-diaphyseal third metacarpal osteotomy site in horses. To compare transfixation and standard full-limb casts for prevention of in vitro displacement of a mid-diaphyseal third metacarpal osteotomy site in horses. Methods: 6 forelimbs from 6 horses euthanatized for reasons not related to the musculoskeletal system. Methods: A 30 degrees osteotomy was performed in the mid-diaphysis of the third metacarpal bone. Two 4.5-mm cortical bone screws were placed across the osteotomy site to maintain alignment during casting. Two 6.35-mm Steinmann pins were placed from a lateral-to-medial direction in the distal aspect of the radius. A full-limb cast that inc...
Changes in cardiac dimensions and indices of cardiac function during deconditioning in horses. To investigate the effects of deconditioning on cardiac dimensions and indices of cardiac function in horses. Methods: Thirteen 3-to 4-year-old Standardbred geldings. Methods: All horses had echocardiographic measurements performed at the conclusion of 9 months of intense training and at weeks 1.5, 4, 8, and 12 of deconditioning. Direct echocardiographic measurements included interventricular septal thickness, left ventricular internal dimensions, left ventricular freewall thickness, left atrial dimension, aortic diameter, diameter of the pulmonary artery, slopes of the mitral valve, heart rat...
In vitro effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine and cisapride on the circular smooth muscle of the jejunum of horses. To determine effects of cisapride and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) on the jejunum of horses. Methods: Jejunal muscle strips from 8 horses. Methods: Muscle strips were suspended in isolated muscle baths. Isometric stress responses to 5-HT and cisapride, with and without specific antagonists, were determined. Results: Muscle strips incubated with atropine and tetrodotoxin responded to 5-HT and cisapride with an increase in contractile force. The 5-HT caused a concentration-dependent increase in contractile amplitude, with a maximum response (Emax) of 1,151+/-214 g/cm2 and a molar concentration tha...
Evaluation of the analgesic effects of epidurally administered morphine, alfentanil, butorphanol, tramadol, and U50488H in horses. To evaluate and compare effects of epidurally administered morphine, alfentanil, butorphanol, tramadol, and U50488H on avoidance threshold to noxious electrical stimulation over the dermatomes of the perineal, sacral, lumbar, and thoracic regions in horses. Methods: 5 healthy adult horses. Methods: Using a Latin square complete repeated-measures design, horses were randomly assigned to receive 1 of 6 treatments (morphine, alfentanil, butorphanol, tramadol, U50488H, or sterile water) at intervals of at least 7 days. Agents were injected epidurally at the first intercoccygeal epidural space, and...
Effects of dexamethasone on development of immunoglobulin G subclass responses following vaccination of horses. To determine the effects of dexamethasone on development of IgG subclass responses following vaccination of healthy horses. Methods: 11 mature Thoroughbreds. Methods: Horses received 2 IM injections at 2-week intervals of a vaccine containing inactivated infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, bovine viral diarrhea, and parainfluenza-3 viral antigens and were then randomly assigned to 2 groups. Six horses received dexamethasone (0.2 mg/kg of body weight, IM) twice weekly for 8 weeks starting the day of the first vaccination. Five control horses received an equivalent volume of saline (0.9% NaCl) so...
Anesthetic, cardiorespiratory, and metabolic effects of four intravenous anesthetic regimens induced in horses immediately after maximal exercise. To determine the anesthetic, cardiorespiratory, and metabolic effects of 4 IV anesthetic regimens in Thoroughbred horses recuperating from a brief period of maximal exercise. Methods: 6 adult Thoroughbreds. Methods: Horses were preconditioned by exercising them on a treadmill. Each horse ran 4 simulated races, with a minimum of 14 days between races. Races were run at a treadmill speed that caused horses to exercise at 120% of their maximal oxygen consumption. Horses ran until fatigued or for a maximum of 2 minutes. Two minutes after exercise, horses received a combination of xylazine hydrochl...
Expression of vasoactive intestinal peptide, calcitonin gene-related peptide, substance P, and intermediate neurofilaments in nasal mucosal nerve fibers of horses without nasal disease. To determine the distribution of nerve fibers containing calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and intermediate neurofilaments in nasal mucosa of horses. Methods: 6 horses without evidence of nasal disease. Methods: Full-thickness nasal tissue specimens were obtained from the rostral portion of the nasal septum at necropsy, and fluorescence immunohistochemistry was performed to assess mucosal distribution of nerve fibers. Results: Nerve fibers with CGRP-like immunoreactivity (CGRP-Li) formed a dense subepithelial network, and a large num...
Use of sevoflurane for anesthetic management of horses during thoracotomy. To evaluate sevoflurane as an inhalation anesthetic for thoracotomy in horses. Methods: 18 horses between 2 and 15 years old. Methods: 4 horses were used to develop surgical techniques and were euthanatized at the end of the procedure. The remaining 14 horses were selected, because they had an episode of bleeding from their lungs during strenuous exercise. General anesthesia was induced with xylazine (1.0 mg/kg of body weight, IV) followed by ketamine (2.0 mg/kg, IV). Anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane in oxygen delivered via a circle anesthetic breathing circuit. Ventilation was contr...
Effect of sodium bisulfate on skin and hooves of horses. To evaluate the safety of sodium bisulfate for use in horse barn environments by determining its irritant effect on skin and hooves. Methods: 6 female mixed-breed ponies. Methods: Sodium bisulfate was applied to clipped intact skin of 6 ponies to evaluate its irritant effect after single (48 hours) and repetitive (6 h/d for 10 days) applications; similar areas of skin were used as untreated control sites. In addition, sodium bisulfate was applied to the sole of both front hooves of each pony and covered with wet gauze, and the entire hoof was covered with adhesive tape for 48 hours. Results: C...
Effect of ration and exercise on plasma creatine kinase activity and lactate concentration in Thoroughbred horses with recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis. To determine the effects of 3 rations (low grain, fat, high grain) on plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity and lactate concentration in Thoroughbred horses with recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis (RER). Methods: 5 Thoroughbreds with RER and 3 healthy Thoroughbreds (control horses). Methods: Rations were formulated to meet (low-grain and fat rations) or exceed (high-grain ration) daily energy requirements. Each ration was fed to horses in a crossover design for 3 weeks. Horses were exercised on a treadmill Monday through Friday; maximum speed on Monday and Friday was 11 m/s (6% slope), on Tues...
Reliability of two 2,400-m time-trial protocols for assessing performance of Standardbred racehorses. To evaluate the reliability of 2 time-trial protocols, 1 that involved use of a pacemaker and 1 that did not, for assessing performance of Standardbred racehorses. Methods: 3- to 7-year-old Standardbred maiden pacers. Methods: 11 Standardbred pacers were used to determine the reliability of a time-trial protocol that involved use of a galloping pacemaker. All tests were performed by a single driver. Horses were paced for an initial 1,600 m then raced and timed for the final 800 m. They were retested 9 days later. Twenty-two horses were used to determine the reliability of a time-trial protocol...
Methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from healthy horses in Japan. To determine patterns of methicillin-resistant staphylococci isolated from apparently healthy horses. Methods: 44 horses from 8 riding clubs in Japan. Methods: Methicill in-resistant staphylococci were isolated from the skin or nares, using a selective medium containing a beta-(symboric) lactam antibiotic, ceftizoxime. Clonality of isolates was determined by use of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Detection of mecA, mecl, and mecR1 genes was accomplished by use of polymerase chain reactions. Results: Of the 44 horses, 13 (29.5%) yielded 15 isolates of methicillin-resistant staphylococci. The ...
Interleukin-8 concentration and neutrophil chemotactic activity in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease following exposure to hay. To analyze effects of hay dust exposure on interleukin-8 (IL-8) concentration, percentage of neutrophils, and neutrophil chemotactic activity in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods: 16 healthy horses and 29 horses with COPD. Methods: IL-8 concentration, percentage of neutrophils, and neutrophil chemotactic activity in BALF were measured. Values were analyzed with respect to hay dust exposure. These variables were also measured in 5 asymptomatic horses with COPD after the induction of clinical signs by changing feed from silag...
In vitro investigation of the effect of prostaglandins and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on contractile activity of the equine smooth muscle of the dorsal colon, ventral colon, and pelvic flexure. To determine the in vitro effect of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), PGF2alpha, PGI2; and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID; ie, flunixin meglumine, ketoprofen, carprofen, and phenylbutazone) on contractile activity of the equine dorsal colon, ventral colon, and pelvic flexure circular and longitudinal smooth muscle. Methods: 26 healthy horses. Methods: Tissue collected from the ventral colon, dorsal colon, and pelvic flexure was cut into strips and mounted in a tissue bath system where contractile strength was determined. Incremental doses of PGE2, PGF2alpha,, PGI2, flunixin meglumine, carp...
In vitro comparison of metaphyseal and diaphyseal placement of centrally threaded, positive-profile transfixation pins in the equine third metacarpal bone. To evaluate in vitro holding power and associated microstructural and thermal damage from placement of positive-profile transfixation pins in the diaphysis and metaphysis of the equine third metacarpal bone. Methods: Third metacarpal bones from 30 pairs of adult equine cadavers. Methods: Centrally threaded positive-profile transfixation pins were placed in the diaphysis of 1 metacarpal bone and the metaphysis of the opposite metacarpal bone of 15 pairs of bones. Tensile force at failure for axial extraction was measured with a materials testing system. An additional 15 pairs of metacarpal bone...
Concentrations of gentamicin in serum and bronchial lavage fluid after intravenous and aerosol administration of gentamicin to horses. To compare concentrations of gentamicin in serum and bronchial lavage fluid after IV and aerosol administration of gentamicin to horses. Methods: 9 healthy adult horses. Methods: Gentamicin was administered by aerosolization (20 ml of gentamicin solution [50 mg/ml]) and IV injection (6.6 mg of gentamicin/kg of body weight) to each horse, with a minimum of 2 weeks between treatments. Samples of pulmonary epithelial lining fluid were collected by small volume (30 ml) bronchial lavage 0.5, 4, 8, and 24 hours after gentamicin administration. Serum samples were obtained at the same times. All sampl...
Effect of a 30-minute infusion of dobutamine hydrochloride on hind limb blood flow and hemodynamics in halothane-anesthetized horses. To evaluate the hemodynamic effects of dobutamine hydrochloride (0.5 microg/kg of body weight/min) in halothane-anesthetized horses. Methods: 6 adult Thoroughbred horses. Methods: Anesthesia was induced by use of romifidine (100 microg/kg) and ketamine (2.2 mg/kg), IV. Anesthesia was maintained by halothane (end-tidal concentration 0.9 to 1.0%). Aortic, left ventricular, and right atrial pressures were measured, using catheter-mounted strain gauge transducers. Cardiac output (CO), velocity time integral, maximal aortic blood flow velocity and acceleration, and left ventricular preejection peri...
Evaluation of substance P as a neurotransmitter in equine jejunum. To determine whether substance P (SP) functions as a neurotransmitter in equine jejunum. Methods: Samples of jejunum obtained from horses that did not have lesions in the gastrointestinal tract. Methods: Jejunal smooth muscle strips, oriented in the plane of the circular or longitudinal muscle, were suspended isometrically in muscle baths. Neurotransmitter release was induced by electrical field stimulation (EFS) delivered at 2 intensities (30 and 70 V) and various frequencies on muscle strips that were maintained at low tension or were under contraction. A neurokinin-1 receptor blocker (CP-96...
Effects of xylazine hydrochloride during isoflurane-induced anesthesia in horses. To quantitate dose- and time-related anesthetic-sparing effects of xylazine hydrochloride (XYL) during isoflurane-induced anesthesia in horses and to characterize selected physiologic responses of anesthetized horses to administration of XYL. Methods: 6 healthy adult horses. Methods: Horses were anesthetized 2 times to determine the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane in O2 and to characterize the anesthetic-sparing effect (MAC reduction) after IV administration of XYL (0.5 and 1 mg/kg of body weight, random order). Selected measures of cardiopulmonary function, blood glucose co...
In vitro comparison of the use of two large-animal, centrally threaded, positive-profile transfixation pin designs in the equine third metacarpal bone. To compare the in vitro holding power and associated microstructural damage of 2 large-animal centrally threaded positive-profile transfixation pins in the diaphysis of the equine third metacarpal bone. Methods: 25 pairs of adult equine cadaver metacarpal bones. Methods: Centrally threaded positive-profile transfixation pins of 2 different designs (ie, self-drilling, self-tapping [SDST] vs nonself-drilling, nonself-tapping [NDNT] transfixation pins) were inserted into the middiaphysis of adult equine metacarpal bones. Temperature of the hardware was measured during each step of insertion with ...
Determinants of oxygen delivery and hemoglobin saturation during incremental exercise in horses. To determine components of the increase in oxygen consumption (VO2) and evaluate determinants of hemoglobin saturation (SO2) during incremental treadmill exercise in unfit horses. Methods: 7 unfit adult mares. Methods: Horses performed 1 preliminary exercise test (EXT) and 2 experimental EXT. Arterial and mixed venous blood samples and hemodynamic measurements were taken during the last 30 seconds of each step of the GXT to measure PO2, hemoglobin concentration ([Hb]), SO2, and determinants of acid-base state (protein, electrolytes, and PCO2). Results: Increased VO2 during exercise was facilit...
Clinical effects of exercise on subchondral bone of carpal and metacarpophalangeal joints in horses. To determine effects of treadmill exercise on subchondral bone of carpal and metacarpophalangeal joints of 2-year-old horses. Methods: 12 healthy 2-year-old horses. Methods: Horses were randomly assigned to the control (n = 6) or exercised (6) groups. Horses in the exercised group ran on a high-speed treadmill 5 d/wk for 6 months. Horses in the control group were hand walked for the same amount of time. Results of clinical, radiographic, nuclear scintigraphic, and computed tomographic examinations, and serum and synovial concentrations of biochemical markers of bone metabolism were compared be...
Effects of intravenous administration of formaldehyde on platelet and coagulation variables in healthy horses. To assess safety and determine effects of IV administration of formaldehyde on hemostatic variables in healthy horses. Methods: 7 healthy adult horses. Methods: Clinical signs and results of CBC, serum biochemical analyses, and coagulation testing including template bleeding time (TBT) and activated clotting time (ACT) were compared in horses given a dose of 0.37% formaldehyde or lactated Ringer's solution (LRS), IV, in a 2-way crossover design. In a subsequent experiment, horses received an infusion of 0.74% formaldehyde or LRS. In another experiment, horses were treated with aspirin to impai...
Immunoglobulin isotypes in sera and nasal mucosal secretions and their neonatal transfer and distribution in horses. To determine concentrations of IgA and IgG subclasses in serum, colostrum, milk, and nasal wash samples of adult horses and foals. Methods: Seven 2-year-old Welsh ponies, 27 adult mixed-breed horses, and 5 Quarter Horse mares and their foals. Methods: Serum was obtained from ponies and adult horses. Colostrum and milk were obtained from mares and serum and nasal wash samples from their foals immediately after parturition and on days 1, 7, 14, 28, 42, and 63. Nasal wash samples were also obtained from 23 adult horses. Concentrations of immunoglobulins were determined by use of inhibition ELISA....
