Science.
Periodical
Science
Publisher:
[s.n.]. Washington, DC : American Association for the Advancement of Science (1991)
Frequency: Weekly (except last week in Dec.)
Country: United States
Language: English
Author(s):
American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Start Year:1880 -
ISSN:
0036-8075 (Print)
1095-9203 (Electronic)
0036-8075 (Linking)
1095-9203 (Electronic)
0036-8075 (Linking)
Impact Factor
56.9
2022
| NLM ID: | 0404511 |
| (DNLM): | S11420000(s) |
| (OCoLC): | 01644869 |
| Coden: | SCIEAS |
| LCCN: | 17024346 |
| Classification: | W1 SC653 |
SLEEPY GRASS AND ITS EFFECT ON HORSES.
Science (New York, N.Y.)
March 6, 1903
Volume 17, Issue 427 392-393 doi: 10.1126/science.17.427.392
Bailey V.No abstract available Callosities on Horses’ Legs.
Science (New York, N.Y.)
August 3, 1900
Volume 12, Issue 292 194 doi: 10.1126/science.12.292.194
McGee WJ.No abstract available The Callosities Upon Horses’ Legs.
Science (New York, N.Y.)
July 20, 1900
Volume 12, Issue 290 113-114 doi: 10.1126/science.12.290.113-b
Irwell L.No abstract available The Feeding of Horses.
Science (New York, N.Y.)
July 1, 1892
Volume 20, Issue 491 4 doi: 10.1126/science.ns-20.491.4
No abstract available Colic of Horses.
Science (New York, N.Y.)
July 26, 1889
Volume 14, Issue 338 60-61 doi: 10.1126/science.ns-14.338.60
No abstract available Some points in the evolution of the horses.
Science (New York, N.Y.)
January 1, 1886
Volume 7, Issue 152 13 doi: 10.1126/science.ns-7.152.13
Scott WB.No abstract available Genome sequence, comparative analysis, and population genetics of the domestic horse.
Science (New York, N.Y.)
November 7, 2009
Volume 326, Issue 5954 865-867 doi: 10.1126/science.1178158
Wade CM, Giulotto E, Sigurdsson S, Zoli M, Gnerre S, Imsland F, Lear TL, Adelson DL, Bailey E, Bellone RR, Blöcker H, Distl O, Edgar RC, Garber M....We report a high-quality draft sequence of the genome of the horse (Equus caballus). The genome is relatively repetitive but has little segmental duplication. Chromosomes appear to have undergone few historical rearrangements: 53% of equine chromosomes show conserved synteny to a single human chromosome. Equine chromosome 11 is shown to have an evolutionary new centromere devoid of centromeric satellite DNA, suggesting that centromeric function may arise before satellite repeat accumulation. Linkage disequilibrium, showing the influences of early domestication of large herds of female horses, ... Read More
364
A morbillivirus that caused fatal disease in horses and humans.
Science (New York, N.Y.)
April 7, 1995
Volume 268, Issue 5207 94-97 doi: 10.1126/science.7701348
Murray K, Selleck P, Hooper P, Hyatt A, Gould A, Gleeson L, Westbury H, Hiley L, Selvey L, Rodwell B.A morbillivirus has been isolated and added to an increasing list of emerging viral diseases. This virus caused an outbreak of fatal respiratory disease in horses and humans. Genetic analyses show it to be only distantly related to the classic morbilliviruses rinderpest, measles, and canine distemper. When seen by electron microscopy, viruses had 10- and 18-nanometer surface projections that gave them a "double-fringed" appearance. The virus induced syncytia that developed in the endothelium of blood vessels, particularly the lungs. Read More
284
The first horse herders and the impact of early Bronze Age steppe expansions into Asia.
Science (New York, N.Y.)
May 9, 2018
Volume 360, Issue 6396 eaar7711 doi: 10.1126/science.aar7711
de Barros Damgaard P, Martiniano R, Kamm J, Moreno-Mayar JV, Kroonen G, Peyrot M, Barjamovic G, Rasmussen S, Zacho C, Baimukhanov N, Zaibert V....The Yamnaya expansions from the western steppe into Europe and Asia during the Early Bronze Age (~3000 BCE) are believed to have brought with them Indo-European languages and possibly horse husbandry. We analyzed 74 ancient whole-genome sequences from across Inner Asia and Anatolia and show that the Botai people associated with the earliest horse husbandry derived from a hunter-gatherer population deeply diverged from the Yamnaya. Our results also suggest distinct migrations bringing West Eurasian ancestry into South Asia before and after, but not at the time of, Yamnaya culture. We find no ev... Read More
168
Ivermectin: a potent new antiparasitic agent.
Science (New York, N.Y.)
August 26, 1983
Volume 221, Issue 4613 823-828 doi: 10.1126/science.6308762
Campbell WC, Fisher MH, Stapley EO, Albers-Schönberg G, Jacob TA.Ivermectin is the 22,23-dihydro derivative of avermectin B1, a macrocyclic lactone produced by an actinomycete, Streptomyces avermitilis. It is active at extremely low dosage against a wide variety of nematode and arthropod parasites, apparently by virtue of its action on the mediation of neurotransmission by gamma-aminobutyric acid. It is now in commercial use in various countries for the treatment and control of parasites in cattle, horses, and sheep, and is expected to become available for use in swine and dogs. Since studies with the drug in man are in a preliminary stage, it is not yet kn... Read More
151
Crystal structure of a complex between electron transfer partners, cytochrome c peroxidase and cytochrome c.
Science (New York, N.Y.)
December 11, 1992
Volume 258, Issue 5089 1748-1755 doi: 10.1126/science.1334573
Pelletier H, Kraut J.The crystal structure of a 1:1 complex between yeast cytochrome c peroxidase and yeast iso-1-cytochrome c was determined at 2.3 A resolution. This structure reveals a possible electron transfer pathway unlike any previously proposed for this extensively studied redox pair. The shortest straight line between the two hemes closely follows the peroxidase backbone chain of residues Ala194, Ala193, Gly192, and finally Trp191, the indole ring of which is perpendicular to, and in van der Waals contact with, the peroxidase heme. The crystal structure at 2.8 A of a complex between yeast cytochrome c pe... Read More
140
The earliest horse harnessing and milking.
Science (New York, N.Y.)
March 7, 2009
Volume 323, Issue 5919 1332-1335 doi: 10.1126/science.1168594
Outram AK, Stear NA, Bendrey R, Olsen S, Kasparov A, Zaibert V, Thorpe N, Evershed RP.Horse domestication revolutionized transport, communications, and warfare in prehistory, yet the identification of early domestication processes has been problematic. Here, we present three independent lines of evidence demonstrating domestication in the Eneolithic Botai Culture of Kazakhstan, dating to about 3500 B.C.E. Metrical analysis of horse metacarpals shows that Botai horses resemble Bronze Age domestic horses rather than Paleolithic wild horses from the same region. Pathological characteristics indicate that some Botai horses were bridled, perhaps ridden. Organic residue analysis, usi... Read More
133
Widespread origins of domestic horse lineages.
Science (New York, N.Y.)
February 13, 2001
Volume 291, Issue 5503 474-477 doi: 10.1126/science.291.5503.474
Vilà C, Leonard JA, Gotherstrom A, Marklund S, Sandberg K, Liden K, Wayne RK, Ellegren H.Domestication entails control of wild species and is generally regarded as a complex process confined to a restricted area and culture. Previous DNA sequence analyses of several domestic species have suggested only a limited number of origination events. We analyzed mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region sequences of 191 domestic horses and found a high diversity of matrilines. Sequence analysis of equids from archaeological sites and late Pleistocene deposits showed that this diversity was not due to an accelerated mutation rate or an ancient domestication event. Consequently, high mtDNA se... Read More
111
Ancient genomes revisit the ancestry of domestic and Przewalski’s horses.
Science (New York, N.Y.)
February 22, 2018
Volume 360, Issue 6384 111-114 doi: 10.1126/science.aao3297
Gaunitz C, Fages A, Hanghøj K, Albrechtsen A, Khan N, Schubert M, Seguin-Orlando A, Owens IJ, Felkel S, Bignon-Lau O, de Barros Damgaard P....The Eneolithic Botai culture of the Central Asian steppes provides the earliest archaeological evidence for horse husbandry, ~5500 years ago, but the exact nature of early horse domestication remains controversial. We generated 42 ancient-horse genomes, including 20 from Botai. Compared to 46 published ancient- and modern-horse genomes, our data indicate that Przewalski's horses are the feral descendants of horses herded at Botai and not truly wild horses. All domestic horses dated from ~4000 years ago to present only show ~2.7% of Botai-related ancestry. This indicates that a massive genomic ... Read More
103
Coat color variation at the beginning of horse domestication.
Science (New York, N.Y.)
April 25, 2009
Volume 324, Issue 5926 485 doi: 10.1126/science.1172750
Ludwig A, Pruvost M, Reissmann M, Benecke N, Brockmann GA, Castaños P, Cieslak M, Lippold S, Llorente L, Malaspinas AS, Slatkin M, Hofreiter M.The transformation of wild animals into domestic ones available for human nutrition was a key prerequisite for modern human societies. However, no other domestic species has had such a substantial impact on the warfare, transportation, and communication capabilities of human societies as the horse. Here, we show that the analysis of ancient DNA targeting nuclear genes responsible for coat coloration allows us to shed light on the timing and place of horse domestication. We conclude that it is unlikely that horse domestication substantially predates the occurrence of coat color variation, which... Read More
93
Symmetrical gaits of horses.
Science (New York, N.Y.)
November 5, 1965
Volume 150, Issue 3697 701-708 doi: 10.1126/science.150.3697.701
Hildebrand M.No abstract available Read More
84
Ancient genomic changes associated with domestication of the horse.
Science (New York, N.Y.)
April 30, 2017
Volume 356, Issue 6336 442-445 doi: 10.1126/science.aam5298
Librado P, Gamba C, Gaunitz C, Der Sarkissian C, Pruvost M, Albrechtsen A, Fages A, Khan N, Schubert M, Jagannathan V, Serres-Armero A, Kuderna LFK....The genomic changes underlying both early and late stages of horse domestication remain largely unknown. We examined the genomes of 14 early domestic horses from the Bronze and Iron Ages, dating to between ~4.1 and 2.3 thousand years before present. We find early domestication selection patterns supporting the neural crest hypothesis, which provides a unified developmental origin for common domestic traits. Within the past 2.3 thousand years, horses lost genetic diversity and archaic DNA tracts introgressed from a now-extinct lineage. They accumulated deleterious mutations later than expected ... Read More
80
Scaling stride frequency and gait to animal size: mice to horses.
Science (New York, N.Y.)
December 20, 1974
Volume 186, Issue 4169 1112-1113 doi: 10.1126/science.186.4169.1112
Heglund NC, Taylor CR, McMahon TA.The stride frequency at which animals of different size change from one gait to another (walk, trot, gallop) changes in a regular manner with body mass. The speed at the transition from trot to gallop can be used as an equivalent speed for comparing animals of different size. This transition point occurs at lower speeds and higher stride frequencies in smaller animals. Plotting stride frequency at the trot-gallop transition point as a function of body mass in logarithmic coordinates yields a straight line. Read More
62
Dietary change and evolution of horses in North America.
Science (New York, N.Y.)
March 10, 2011
Volume 331, Issue 6021 1178-1181 doi: 10.1126/science.1196166
Mihlbachler MC, Rivals F, Solounias N, Semprebon GM.The evolution of high-crowned molars among horses (Family Equidae) is thought to be an adaptation for abrasive diets associated with the spread of grasslands. The sharpness and relief of the worn cusp apices of teeth (mesowear) are a measure of dietary abrasion. We collected mesowear data for North American Equidae for the past 55.5 million years to test the association of molar height and dietary abrasion. Mesowear trends in horses are reflective of global cooling and associated vegetation changes. There is a strong correlation between mesowear and crown height in horses; however, most horse ... Read More
54
THE ETIOLOGY OF EPIZOOTIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS OF HORSES IN THE SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY, 1930.
Science (New York, N.Y.)
August 28, 1931
Volume 74, Issue 1913 227-228 doi: 10.1126/science.74.1913.227
Meyer KF, Haring CM, Howitt B.No abstract available Read More
51
Isolation, experimental transmission, and characterization of causative agent of Potomac horse fever.
Science (New York, N.Y.)
February 1, 1985
Volume 227, Issue 4686 522-524 doi: 10.1126/science.3880925
Holland CJ, Ristic M, Cole AI, Johnson P, Baker G, Goetz T.Potomac horse fever, a disease characterized by fever, anorexia, leukopenia, and occasional diarrhea, is fatal in approximately 30 percent of affected animals. The seasonal occurrence of the disease (June to October) and evidence of antibodies to the rickettsia Ehrlichia sennetsu in the serum of convalescing horses suggested that a related rickettsia might be the causative agent. Such an agent was isolated in cultured blood monocytes from an experimentally infected pony. This intracytoplasmic organism was adapted to growth in primary cultures of canine blood monocytes. A healthy pony inoculate... Read More
46
A mule cloned from fetal cells by nuclear transfer.
Science (New York, N.Y.)
May 29, 2003
Volume 301, Issue 5636 1063 doi: 10.1126/science.1086743
Woods GL, White KL, Vanderwall DK, Li GP, Aston KI, Bunch TD, Meerdo LN, Pate BJ.No abstract available Read More
43
Evolution. Fossil horses–evidence for evolution.
Science (New York, N.Y.)
March 19, 2005
Volume 307, Issue 5716 1728-1730 doi: 10.1126/science.1105458
Macfadden BJ.No abstract available Read More
40
A mechanical trigger for the trot-gallop transition in horses.
Science (New York, N.Y.)
July 19, 1991
Volume 253, Issue 5017 306-308 doi: 10.1126/science.1857965
Farley CT, Taylor CR.It is widely thought that animals switch gaits at speeds that minimize energetic cost. Horses naturally switched from a trot to a gallop at a speed where galloping required more energy than trotting, and thus, the gait transition actually increased the energetic cost of running. However, by galloping at this speed, the peak forces on the muscles, tendons, and bones, and presumably the chance of injury, are reduced. When the horses carried weights, they switched from a trot to a gallop at a lower speed but at the same critical level of force. These findings suggest that the trot-gallop transiti... Read More
40
The Causative Agent of Infectious Equine Encephalomyelitis in Venezuela.
Science (New York, N.Y.)
July 7, 1939
Volume 90, Issue 2323 20-21 doi: 10.1126/science.90.2323.20
Kubes V, Ríos FA.No abstract available Read More
39
Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis.
Science (New York, N.Y.)
December 2, 1938
Volume 88, Issue 2292 530 doi: 10.1126/science.88.2292.530
Beck CE, Wyckoff RW.No abstract available Read More
36
Decoupled ecomorphological evolution and diversification in Neogene-Quaternary horses.
Science (New York, N.Y.)
February 12, 2017
Volume 355, Issue 6325 627-630 doi: 10.1126/science.aag1772
Cantalapiedra JL, Prado JL, Hernández Fernández M, Alberdi MT.Evolutionary theory has long proposed a connection between trait evolution and diversification rates. In this work, we used phylogenetic methods to evaluate the relationship of lineage-specific speciation rates and the mode of evolution of body size and tooth morphology in the Neogene and Quaternary radiation of horses (7 living and 131 extinct species). We show that diversification pulses are a recurrent feature of equid evolution but that these pulses are not correlated with rapid bursts in phenotypic evolution. Instead, rapid cladogenesis seems repeatedly associated with extrinsic factors t... Read More
33
Differentiation of respiratory and abortigenic isolates of equine herpesvirus 1 by restriction endonucleases.
Science (New York, N.Y.)
October 30, 1981
Volume 214, Issue 4520 562-564 doi: 10.1126/science.6270790
Studdert MJ, Simpson T, Roizman B.Viruses classified by immunologic criteria as equine herpesvirus 1 cause respiratory disease and abortion in horses. Restriction endonuclease analyses of the DNA's of viruses from animals with respiratory disease and from aborted fetuses show that the patterns for respiratory viruses, while similar to each other, are entirely different from the patterns for fetal viruses. It is therefore proposed that the DNA restriction endonuclease patterns of fetal and respiratory viruses analyzed in this study be designated as prototypic of equine herpesvirus 1 and 4, respectively. Read More
30
Evolution of the earliest horses driven by climate change in the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum.
Science (New York, N.Y.)
March 1, 2012
Volume 335, Issue 6071 959-962 doi: 10.1126/science.1213859
Secord R, Bloch JI, Chester SG, Boyer DM, Wood AR, Wing SL, Kraus MJ, McInerney FA, Krigbaum J.Body size plays a critical role in mammalian ecology and physiology. Previous research has shown that many mammals became smaller during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), but the timing and magnitude of that change relative to climate change have been unclear. A high-resolution record of continental climate and equid body size change shows a directional size decrease of ~30% over the first ~130,000 years of the PETM, followed by a ~76% increase in the recovery phase of the PETM. These size changes are negatively correlated with temperature inferred from oxygen isotopes in mammal tee... Read More
28
Modern riding style improves horse racing times.
Science (New York, N.Y.)
July 18, 2009
Volume 325, Issue 5938 289 doi: 10.1126/science.1174605
Pfau T, Spence A, Starke S, Ferrari M, Wilson A.When animals carry loads, there is a proportionate increase in metabolic cost, and in humans this increase in cost is reduced when the load is elastically coupled to the load bearer. Major horse race times and records improved by 5 to 7% around 1900 when jockeys adopted a crouched posture. We show that jockeys move to isolate themselves from the movement of their mount. This would be difficult or impossible with a seated or upright, straight-legged posture. This isolation means that the horse supports the jockey's body weight but does not have to move the jockey through each cyclical stride pa... Read More
23
Oxalate degradation by microbes of the large bowel of herbivores: the effect of dietary oxalate.
Science (New York, N.Y.)
May 8, 1981
Volume 212, Issue 4495 675-676 doi: 10.1126/science.7221555
Allison MJ, Cook HM.Rates of oxalate degradation by microbes in gastrointestinal contents from rabbits, guinea pigs, swine and a horse increased after additional of oxalate to diets. A similar response was previously observed with ruminal microbes from cattle and sheep. Bacterial that utilize oxalate for growth appear to be selected by increased levels of dietary oxalate. Read More
21
Early dispersal of domestic horses into the Great Plains and northern Rockies.
Science (New York, N.Y.)
March 30, 2023
Volume 379, Issue 6639 1316-1323 doi: 10.1126/science.adc9691
Taylor WTT, Librado P, American Horse CJ, Shield Chief Gover C, Arterberry J, Afraid of Bear-Cook AL, Left Heron H, Yellow Hair RM, Gonzalez M....The horse is central to many Indigenous cultures across the American Southwest and the Great Plains. However, when and how horses were first integrated into Indigenous lifeways remain contentious, with extant models derived largely from colonial records. We conducted an interdisciplinary study of an assemblage of historic archaeological horse remains, integrating genomic, isotopic, radiocarbon, and paleopathological evidence. Archaeological and modern North American horses show strong Iberian genetic affinities, with later influx from British sources, but no Viking proximity. Horses rapidly sp... Read More
17
Natural vertical transmission of western equine encephalomyelitis virus in mosquitoes.
Science (New York, N.Y.)
February 4, 1994
Volume 263, Issue 5147 676-678 doi: 10.1126/science.8303276
Fulhorst CF, Hardy JL, Eldridge BF, Presser SB, Reeves WC.The mechanism by which western equine encephalomyelitis (WEE) virus and other mosquito-borne alphaviruses (Togaviridae) survive during periods of vector inactivity is unknown. Recently, three strains of WEE virus were isolated from adult Aedes dorsalis collected as larvae from a salt marsh in a coastal region of California. This provides evidence of vertical transmission of WEE virus in mosquitoes in nature. Vertical transmission in Ae. dorsalis and closely related mosquito species may be an important mechanism for the maintenance of WEE virus in temperate regions in North America where horizo... Read More
16
Ancient diets, ecology, and extinction of 5-million-year-Old horses from florida.
Science (New York, N.Y.)
February 5, 1999
Volume 283, Issue 5403 824-827 doi: 10.1126/science.283.5403.824
MacFadden BJ, Solounias N, Cerling TE.Six sympatric species of 5-million-year-old (late Hemphillian) horses from Florida existed during a time of major global change and extinction in terrestrial ecosystems. Traditionally, these horses were interpreted to have fed on abrasive grasses because of their high-crowned teeth. However, carbon isotopic and tooth microwear data indicate that these horses were not all C4 grazers but also included mixed feeders and C3 browsers. The late Hemphillian Florida sister species of the modern genus Equus was principally a browser, unlike the grazing diet of modern equids. Late Hemphillian horse exti... Read More
16
Equids engineer desert water availability.
Science (New York, N.Y.)
May 1, 2021
Volume 372, Issue 6541 491-495 doi: 10.1126/science.abd6775
Lundgren EJ, Ramp D, Stromberg JC, Wu J, Nieto NC, Sluk M, Moeller KT, Wallach AD.Megafauna play important roles in the biosphere, yet little is known about how they shape dryland ecosystems. We report on an overlooked form of ecosystem engineering by donkeys and horses. In the deserts of North America, digging of ≤2-meter wells to groundwater by feral equids increased the density of water features, reduced distances between waters, and, at times, provided the only water present. Vertebrate richness and activity were higher at equid wells than at adjacent dry sites, and, by mimicking flood disturbance, equid wells became nurseries for riparian trees. Our results suggest t... Read More
14
CHROMOSOME COMPLEMENT: DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EQUUS CABALLUS AND EQUUS PRZEWALSKII, POLIAKOFF.
Science (New York, N.Y.)
April 16, 1965
Volume 148, Issue 3668 382-383 doi: 10.1126/science.148.3668.382
BENIRSCHKE K, MALOUF N, LOW RJ, HECK H.The chromosome number of the domestic horse is 2n = 64; different races have the same complement. The chromosomes of two Przewalski's horses (at Catskill Game Farm, New York), presumably ancestral wild horses from Mongolia, are identical: 2n = 66, with more acrocentric and fewer metacentric elements than the chromosomes of the domestic horse. This apparent difference in karyotype may help resolve the questions of "purity" in the relatively few remaining Przewalski's horses. Moreover, these findings are of interest in relation to the apparent fertility of hybrids between these species. Read More
13