Omneity® Pellets
All-In-One Vitamin & Mineral Pellet
The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice.
Publisher:
W.B. Saunders,
Frequency: Three no. a year
Country: United States
Language: English
Start Year:1985 -
ISSN:
0749-0739 (Print)
1558-4224 (Electronic)
0749-0739 (Linking)
1558-4224 (Electronic)
0749-0739 (Linking)
Impact Factor
1.1
2022
| NLM ID: | 8511904 |
| (DNLM): | SR0053812(s) |
| (OCoLC): | 11078671 |
| LCCN: | sn 84006968 |
| Classification: | W1 VE929F |
Equine bone scintigraphic uptake patterns related to age, breed, and occupation. It is well known that skeletal scintigraphy is an imaging modality with high sensitivity but low specificity. Sites of IRU provide good evidence of increased bone turnover but not its specific cause. Results of lameness workups, blocks, and other imaging techniques are required to determine specific causes. Overinterpretation of causes of IRU is tempting, especially in assigning diagnoses to EIBR--adaptive or non-adaptive. Nevertheless, a quarter of a century's experience with equine skeletal scintigraphy has shown that certain patterns and locations can be fairly predictive of certain patholo...
Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the equine head. Horses are frequently presented with clinical conditions warranting diagnostic imaging of the head. Unfortunately, evaluation of the equine head can be difficult using conventional radiography. The anatomic complexity and superimposition of the osseous, dental, and soft tissue structures complicate radiographic interpretation and diagnoses. Multiple radiographic projections may be necessary to image specific regions, and side-to-side comparison is often essential.
Equine nuclear scintigraphy. Indications, uses, and techniques. The demand for advanced and correlative imaging methods in equine medicine is growing. Scintigraphy can provide unique information about the physiologic status of an animal that cannot be discerned by other imaging modalities.
Computed radiography. CR is a useful tool for the equine veterinarian and has many advantages. Its only major disadvantage is the initial cost, in dollars and time, for setup in one's practice. CR is already in use at several universities and private practices in the United States and around the world. In the future, as is the case with any computer-based technology, this modality should become more affordable and readily available to smaller practices. The potential of CR in veterinary medicine combined with saturation of the human market is driving the development of specialized software and algorithms for veteri...
Stress echocardiography and its role in performance assessment. Stress echocardiography in the horse is in its infancy, and investigations need to continue to determine the significance and mechanism of postexercise echocardiographic abnormalities detected in horses. This work should be coupled with investigations on the exercise-induced changes in cardiac isoenzymes, cTnI, arterial oxygen content, and cardiac rhythm that may occur concurrently. With continued investigations into the cardiovascular problems that occur in the exercising horse, the sport horse veterinarian should be better able to accurately diagnose and treat problems causing poor performan...
Diagnostic thermography. Thermography is a practical aid in the clinical evaluation of the equine patient. It is particularly germane to the evaluation of lameness. This modality specifically increases the accuracy of diagnosis. Thermography is the pictorial representation of skin temperature. The technique involves the detection of infrared radiation, which can be directly correlated to blood flow. To be accurate, thermography must be performed in a controlled area free of drafts. The area should be protected from sunlight to avoid erroneous heating of the skin, and the horse's hair length should be uniform. Thermogr...
Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the equine musculoskeletal conditions. There is a growing interest in the use of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in equine orthopedic patients. It is well established that CT and MR imaging offer superior diagnostic information in a wide variety of musculoskeletal injuries in human beings and small animals. The highly detailed cross-sectional images obtained with these two modalities can often demonstrate pathologic changes undetected with other common imaging techniques. Based on their multiple applications in human beings and small animals, CT or MR imaging may prove to be the optimal diagnostic imagi...
Abdominal and thoracic radiography in the neonate. Plain and contrast radiographic techniques are used infrequently in the diagnostic evaluation of abdominal or thoracic disease in the adult horse because of the animal's large body size and the limited availability and expense of suitable equipment. The importance of radiography as a critical tool has also been lessened through the accessibility of ultrasound, although this technique is limited by depth and offers only a superficial window. Traditional radiographic techniques can be readily used in young foals because of their small body size, and radiography frequently provides critical infor...
Physical principles and technical considerations for equine computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. This article discusses how cross-sectional imaging methods such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging can provide unique and diagnostically important information in situations where radiography or diagnostic ultrasound have been unrewarding.
Superficial digital flexor tendon healing: ultrasonographic evaluation of therapies. Until recently, it was difficult to critically evaluate tendon healing in vivo. Superficial digital flexor tendon injuries were considered healed when the injured tendon was cold, non-painful, adequate time had passed for tendon healing to occur, and no recurrence of the injury was detected when the horse returned to athletic work. This article discusses how ultrasonography has revolutionized the diagnosis, treatment, and management of tendon injuries.
Borna disease in horses. Borna disease is a sporadically occurring, progressive viral polioencephalomyelitis that primarily affects horses and sheep. The etiological agent, Borna disease virus (BDV), is an enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus that has been classified in the new virus family Bornaviridae within the order Mononegavirales. Serological evidence of BDV infection has been found in an increasing number of countries throughout the world. After an incubation period lasting a few weeks to several months, BDV infection can cause locomotor and sensory dysfunction followed by paralysis and death. Borna disease is ...
Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. Recent advances in the understanding of the parasite life cycle, epidemiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of EPM are reviewed. The NAHMS Equine '98 study and a controlled retrospective study from The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine identified a number of risk factors associated with development of the disease. The national annual incidence of EPM was 1% or less depending on the primary use of the animals. Increased disease risk was associated with age (1-5 and > 13 years of age), season (lowest in winter months and increasing with ambient tempe...
Factors influencing the international spread of equine diseases. In an era of increasing globalization, the risk of spread of infectious diseases in humans and animals, including equids, has never been greater. International movement of equids and trade in semen are the most important factors responsible for the dissemination of various equine pathogens. Other factors that can or do have the potential to influence the global distribution of equine infectious diseases include: multinational trade agreements, emergent diseases, mutation of pathogens, climate related phenomena, migration of amplifying/reservoir hosts or vectors, availability of new vectors, va...
Emergent causes of placentitis and abortion. The clinical signs, laboratory findings, diagnosis, epidemiology, treatment, and prevention and control of two emerging causes of placentitis and abortion in horses are described in this article. Leptospirosis has been reported as a significant cause of fetal loss in horses in Kentucky, Northern Ireland, and England. Most abortions result from infection by serovars kennewicki or bratislava. Nocardioform placentitis has become the most common cause of placentitis in central Kentucky horses. Nocardioform placentitis is associated with infection by unnamed, gram-positive, filamentous, branching b...
Vesicular stomatitis and other vesicular, erosive, and ulcerative diseases of horses. Physical trauma, dietary factors, certain toxins, immune mediated disorders, and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) infection are known causes of stomatitis in horses. There is evidence that some outbreaks of equine stomatitis are caused by as yet unidentified infectious agents. It remains to be determined whether stomatitis is an emerging equine infectious disease, or if the increase in reported cases is simply the result of greater public awareness as a consequence of widespread outbreaks of VSV in the southwestern United States in recent years. Focused laboratory and epidemiological studies a...
Getah virus as an equine pathogen. Getah virus is a member of the genus Alphavirus in the family Togaviridae and has been frequently isolated from mosquitoes. Seroepizootiologic studies indicate that the virus is mosquito-borne and widespread, ranging from Eurasia to southeast and far eastern Asia, the Pacific islands, and Australasia. The natural host animal of the virus was not known until the first recognized occurrence of Getah virus infection among racehorses in two training centers in Japan in 1978. Outbreaks of clinical disease due to Getah virus infection occur infrequently, and only one outbreak has been reported outsi...
Antimicrobic and anthelmintic resistance. Antimicrobial and anthelmintic resistance are growing issues for the equine practitioner. The development of antimicrobial or anthelmintic resistance is a source of significant concern because of increased frequency of treatment failures and increased treatment costs. In addition, antimicrobial resistance may have important consequences for public health. Only through judicious use can the efficacy of antimicrobials and anthelmintics be prolonged. This article discusses the development of resistance and suggestions for control.
Ehrlichial diseases. Equine granulocytic and monocytic ehrlichiosis caused by Ehrlichia equi and E. risticii, respectively, are seasonal diseases in horses that occur throughout the United States E. equi is transmitted by lxodes ticks and causes high fever, depression, anorexia, limb edema, petechiation, icterus, ataxia, and stiffness in gait. E. risticii, also known as the agent of Potomac horse fever, causes a febrile illness with a colitis of variable severity. Its occurrence is associated with aquatic habitats. The natural route of transmission is oral, through the ingestion of E. risticii infected trematode s...
The significance of surveillance and reporting on the prevention and control of equine diseases. Examples of equine disease surveillance at the local, regional, national and international level are discussed in this article. Reporting systems at each level are also considered, and the increasing importance of laboratory confirmed diagnoses is emphasized. The need to develop national disease reporting systems is addressed, particularly with respect to conforming to international trading standards.
Clostridial enterocolitis. Equine clostridial enterocolitis is being recognized with increasing frequency. It has been identified in foals with diarrhea, antibiotic-associated enterocolitis, or nosocomial enterocolitis. The sporadic occurrence of clostridial enterocolitis, the variety of types of clostridia involved, and the difficulty of experimentally reproducing the disease suggest that it is a poorly defined multifactorial syndrome. The risk factors associated with susceptibility to colonization and progressive infection are largely based on anecdotal observations and extrapolation from human studies. Quantitative s...
West Nile encephalitis. WNV encephalitis in horses, previously reported in Africa, Asia, and Europe, occurred for the first time in the Western Hemisphere in 1999. The causative agent, WNV, is a flavivirus maintained in nature by a bird-mosquito cycle. The disease in horses is manifested primarily by ataxia of variable severity. Outbreaks of encephalitis may have a case fatality rate in excess of 40%, although this virus infection is inapparent in some horses. Early evidence indicates that WNV has overwintered in the northeastern United States and poses a threat for future disease occurrences in horses. No vaccine is...
Larval cyathostomiasis. Over the past few years, cyathostomiasis has become increasingly recognized as a clinical problem of horses in the United States. Clinical cyathostomiasis has been reported frequently in Europe for a considerable time. This clinical syndrome is usually related to the sudden release of large numbers of the larval stages of small strongyles from the mucosa of the large intestine. Typical clinical signs include diarrhea, ventral abdominal edema, pyrexia, colic, weight loss, and poor body condition. Hypoalbuminemia and the presence of large numbers of small strongyles being passed in the feces are...
Hendra and Nipah virus infections. The most important clinical and pathological manifestation of Hendra virus infection in horses and humans is that of severe interstitial pneumonia caused by viral infection of small blood vessels. The virus is also capable of causing nervous disease. Hendra virus is not contagious in horses and is spread by close contact with body fluids, such as froth from infected lungs. Diagnosis should be based on the laboratory examination of blood, lung, kidney, spleen, and, if nervous signs are present, also of the brain. Evidence of infection with the more recently identified and related Nipah virus wa...
Immunomodulation in horses. Nonspecific immunomodulators are substances that induce non-antigen-specific enhancement of the body's native or acquired defense mechanisms. Immunomodulant preparations are most often used for treatment of chronic, viral, or bacterial infection with evidence of secondary immunosuppression. The proposed mechanism of action of these products is macrophage activation and subsequent release of cytokines that enhance humoral and cell-mediated immunity. In equine medicine, nonspecific immunostimulant products are used for prevention and treatment of infectious respiratory disease and treatment of s...
Equine vaccination. Equine infectious disease remains a constant and important threat to the health of domesticated horses. Vaccination plays a critical role in protecting against such disease, but at the present time the efficacy of some equine vaccination strategies is in doubt. The best strategy for resolving these concerns is an improved knowledge of the immunologic basis of successful vaccination, combined with the appropriate integration of effective vaccines into well-designed disease control policies.
Equine immunity to parasites. Helminths are among the most significant parasites of horses in developed countries. This article examines immune responses against helminth parasites and the implications that immunologic investigations have on vaccine development, improvement of diagnostic procedures, and disease eradication.
Immunodiagnostic testing in horses. Technologic advances in immunodiagnostic testing have enhanced our understanding of the pathogenesis of a broad array of diseases, including infectious diseases, immunodeficiency disorders, and immune-mediated disorders. If applied rationally, with an understanding of the questions the tests answer as well as the limitations that constrain their use, these tests can serve as valuable aids in the diagnosis and management of equine diseases.
Equine immunity to bacteria. The remarkable ability of the horse and other animals to prevent infection by most bacterial pathogens encountered is the result of a complex set of distinct but overlapping defense mechanisms. This article summarizes the current state of knowledge on innate and adaptive immunity to bacterial pathogens and reviews various ways in which some bacteria have evolved in order to evade components of the host response.
Primary immunodeficiencies of horses. Primary immunodeficiency disorders are genetically determined failures of immune defense that increase susceptibility to infectious agents. This article reviews the salient features of equine primary immunodeficiency disorders, summarizes the molecular mechanisms of each disorder, and updates information that facilitates diagnosis and management of affected horses. The central theme is to encourage clinicians to ask, "I wonder if this horse has an underlying primary immunodeficiency disorder?" when caring for horses suffering from chronic and recurring infections and responding poorly to stand...
Equine autoimmunity. Although relatively little is known about autoimmunity and autoimmune mechanisms specifically in horses, the similarities between clinical syndromes with identifiable effector mechanisms in horses and other species suggest that comparable mechanisms may be applicable. Our understanding of equine autoimmunity undoubtedly will benefit from the extensive study of autoimmunity in other species.
